山(shan)東埃爾派 | 點擊(ji)量:0次 | 2020-01-25
應從材料入手改善動力鋰電池安全隱患
動力電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)性是決(jue)定其最終能否大規模應用的(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)。近日,上(shang)海交通大學(xue)教授、電(dian)化學(xue)與(yu)能源技術研究所副所長楊軍表示,現有鋰離子電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)安(an)全(quan)(quan)隱患,是電(dian)解(jie)液易(yi)燃易(yi)爆和高能電(dian)池體(ti)系熱力學(xue)不(bu)穩(wen)定。目前電(dian)解(jie)液主要(yao)(yao)為有機溶劑,難以承受4.5伏(fu)以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)高電(dian)壓,容易(yi)分(fen)解(jie)產生氣(qi)(qi)體(ti),造成電(dian)池氣(qi)(qi)脹、破裂或爆炸。
選擇(ze)電池(chi)材料(liao)和體系需要在(zai)電池(chi)能(neng)量密度和安全(quan)性(xing)之間尋(xun)求(qiu)平衡,應從(cong)材料(liao)入(ru)手改(gai)善鋰電池(chi)安全(quan)性(xing)。
現有電池存安全(quan)隱患
楊(yang)軍表示,高能(neng)量密(mi)度(du)鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池需要(yao)高輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)儲鋰(li)容(rong)量。目前(qian)(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液主(zhu)要(yao)為有(you)機溶(rong)劑,難(nan)以(yi)承受(shou)4.5伏以(yi)上的(de)(de)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,容(rong)易(yi)(yi)分解(jie)產生(sheng)(sheng)氣體(ti),造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池氣脹、破裂或爆炸。同時,充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)正負(fu)極(ji)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)本身也(ye)很活潑,如鈷(gu)酸(suan)鋰(li)之類(lei)的(de)(de)正極(ji)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)在過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或受(shou)熱狀(zhuang)態(tai)下(xia)(xia)容(rong)易(yi)(yi)發生(sheng)(sheng)結(jie)構坍塌,并產生(sheng)(sheng)顯著的(de)(de)熱效應,而(er)含有(you)機溶(rong)劑的(de)(de)鋰(li)化石(shi)墨負(fu)極(ji)在接(jie)觸(chu)空(kong)氣時也(ye)容(rong)易(yi)(yi)燃燒(shao)。目前(qian)(qian)使(shi)用的(de)(de)鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池主(zhu)要(yao)以(yi)石(shi)墨基材(cai)(cai)料(liao)作為負(fu)極(ji),其嵌鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)接(jie)近金屬鋰(li)的(de)(de)析出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei),在快速(su)(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時容(rong)易(yi)(yi)造(zao)成金屬鋰(li)析出(chu),常以(yi)鋰(li)枝晶或鋰(li)粉(fen)末狀(zhuang)態(tai)存在,前(qian)(qian)者(zhe)會(hui)(hui)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內短路,后(hou)者(zhe)會(hui)(hui)加速(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液分解(jie)或與空(kong)氣接(jie)觸(chu)發生(sheng)(sheng)燃燒(shao)。因此,選擇合(he)適(shi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質體(ti)系能(neng)夠在熱力學層面(mian)從源頭為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池安全性(xing)提供保障。
優化電解質體系
極性(xing)(xing)有機(ji)(ji)溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)難(nan)以保(bao)障動力鋰離子電(dian)池的(de)安全性(xing)(xing),而(er)現(xian)有的(de)離子液(ye)體(ti)要(yao)么(me)電(dian)化學窗口不(bu)夠寬,要(yao)么(me)相(xiang)對(dui)分子質量(liang)和黏度太大,尚不(bu)能完全替代有機(ji)(ji)溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)。因此,發(fa)展低溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)或無溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)的(de)聚(ju)合物電(dian)解(jie)(jie)質、無機(ji)(ji)有機(ji)(ji)復合電(dian)解(jie)(jie)質或無機(ji)(ji)固體(ti)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)質是提高電(dian)池安全性(xing)(xing)的(de)根(gen)本舉措。
楊軍(jun)課帶領的(de)題組以80%高空隙的(de)親水型聚四(si)氟乙(yi)烯薄膜為基底原位交聯聚合(he)成功制備了支鏈(lian)帶大(da)量環氧乙(yi)烷基團的(de)共聚復合(he)多(duo)孔膜。這種隔膜有優良(liang)的(de)力學(xue)和耐熱性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng),且(qie)由于電(dian)解液(ye)與聚合(he)物作(zuo)用成為凝(ning)膠而不會泄漏(lou),故(gu)遇明火(huo)也不易燃燒(shao)。此外(wai),該凝(ning)膠聚合(he)物薄膜的(de)高吸液(ye)率也使其具有高的(de)離子(zi)電(dian)導率。采用該電(dian)解質薄膜的(de)Li/LiFePO4和Li/S電(dian)池(chi)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)接近或(huo)優于傳統電(dian)池(chi)。
楊軍指出,雖然(ran)低溶劑或無溶劑的聚合物電(dian)解質薄膜能夠(gou)在(zai)(zai)很(hen)大程度上改善電(dian)池的安全性能,代表了(le)未來的發展方向(xiang),但已經開發的這類薄膜大多(duo)在(zai)(zai)機(ji)械強度和(he)(he)鋰(li)離子電(dian)導率上不能同時滿(man)足應用要求,尚(shang)需(xu)要從材料和(he)(he)技術(shu)上取得突破。
提高負極(ji)嵌鋰電位(wei)
楊軍(jun)指出,提(ti)(ti)高(gao)負(fu)極(ji)的(de)(de)嵌鋰(li)電位也(ye)能(neng)有(you)效(xiao)改善(shan)電池的(de)(de)安全性(xing)和循(xun)環(huan)(huan)使用壽命(ming)。他(ta)表示,與石墨基負(fu)極(ji)材料相比,能(neng)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)電極(ji)電位的(de)(de)材料有(you)硬(ying)碳(tan)、硅(gui)、錫、鈦酸鋰(li)等。在(zai)合金負(fu)極(ji)材料的(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)方面中科院物(wu)理所和上海交通大學起步較早,也(ye)較深入,但仍然處于基礎研(yan)發(fa)階(jie)段,國外也(ye)沒有(you)真正意義(yi)上的(de)(de)產(chan)業(ye)化(hua)。近(jin)年來對(dui)硅(gui)基復(fu)合負(fu)極(ji)材料的(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)已經在(zai)實驗室中使電極(ji)的(de)(de)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)性(xing)能(neng)得到大幅提(ti)(ti)高(gao),但平(ping)均循(xun)環(huan)(huan)效(xiao)率大多難以超過(guo)99.5%,并且一些特殊納米結構材料難以低成本大規模(mo)生產(chan),阻礙了其產(chan)業(ye)化(hua)。
楊軍告(gao)訴記者,硅基負極的(de)(de)嵌鋰電位(wei)比石墨提高約0.15伏。硅的(de)(de)另一大優(you)勢(shi)是其(qi)儲鋰容(rong)量可(ke)達石墨的(de)(de)近10倍,但其(qi)相應的(de)(de)體(ti)積(ji)膨脹率也大于(yu)300%,致使電子易導電性喪失,容(rong)量快速衰(shuai)減(jian)。楊軍教(jiao)授(shou)的(de)(de)課題(ti)(ti)組(zu)通過多孔二(er)氧化硅的(de)(de)鎂熱(re)還(huan)原和酸(suan)洗(xi)工藝制備了3D介孔結(jie)構硅材(cai)料,結(jie)合(he)納米(mi)層碳(tan)包覆,較好地解決了此問題(ti)(ti)。該硅基電極在(zai)1C倍率下比容(rong)大于(yu)1500mAh/g,100次循環(huan)后無容(rong)量衰(shuai)減(jian)現(xian)象。
零體積效應(ying)和高充(chong)放電(dian)電(dian)位的鈦酸鋰(li)作(zuo)為(wei)負極(ji)(ji)材料(liao)能有(you)極(ji)(ji)好的電(dian)化學(xue)可逆性(xing),但在高溫下(xia)充(chong)放電(dian)容易(yi)產生(sheng)氣體,縮(suo)短電(dian)池壽命,楊軍(jun)課(ke)題組對影響這類電(dian)池脹氣的因素(su),如電(dian)解液組成和雜質水(shui)含量(liang)、電(dian)極(ji)(ji)組成及荷電(dian)程度等進行了較為(wei)系統的研究,優化了電(dian)池性(xing)能。
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