中國(guo)(guo)含硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)無(wu)機產(chan)品經過(guo)60 a的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)經歷了從無(wu)到有。20世(shi)紀(ji)50年代末中國(guo)(guo)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)、硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)工業(ye)誕生,開(kai)(kai)始了中國(guo)(guo)無(wu)機硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)快(kuai)速(su)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)10 a,奠定了中國(guo)(guo)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)、硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)生產(chan)工藝技術路(lu)線,之后(hou)(hou)(hou)經歷了10 a浩劫倒退不(bu)前的(de)(de)(de)陣痛;改革開(kai)(kai)放(fang)后(hou)(hou)(hou),中國(guo)(guo)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)(hua)工行(xing)(xing)業(ye)進(jin)入了穩定快(kuai)速(su)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)軌道(dao),新(xin)(xin)技術、新(xin)(xin)工藝、新(xin)(xin)設備、新(xin)(xin)產(chan)品不(bu)斷涌(yong)現,使(shi)中國(guo)(guo)無(wu)機硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)從硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)、硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)等品種擴展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)到40余種。進(jin)入21世(shi)紀(ji),受到入世(shi)的(de)(de)(de)影響,國(guo)(guo)產(chan)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)、硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)競爭力不(bu)斷下降。面對不(bu)利局面,中國(guo)(guo)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)開(kai)(kai)始進(jin)行(xing)(xing)結構調整,淘汰(tai)落后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)、硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)產(chan)能,發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)碳(tan)化(hua)(hua)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)、氮化(hua)(hua)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)、硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)鋅、硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)氫化(hua)(hua)鈉(na)、單質硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)、硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鐵合金(jin)等高(gao)附加值產(chan)品,在走高(gao)值化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)道(dao)路(lu)上邁出了堅(jian)實的(de)(de)(de)步(bu)伐,為(wei)未來發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)奠定了較(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)基礎。

　　20世(shi)紀50年(nian)(nian)代初,硼(peng)(peng)屬于戰略資源,美國曾(ceng)對中國實行封鎖和(he)禁(jin)運。1949—1952年(nian)(nian),中國由鹽(yan)湖鹵(lu)水生產(chan)(chan)少量硼(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(酸(suan)(suan)),1953年(nian)(nian)后自貢井鹵(lu)綜合利用(yong)可產(chan)(chan)少量硼(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(酸(suan)(suan)),但是(shi)這些極少量硼(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(酸(suan)(suan))滿(man)足不了(le)禁(jin)運后國內(nei)對硼(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)和(he)硼(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)的需求[1,2,3]。1956年(nian)(nian),開(kai)原化(hua)工廠利用(yong)鳳城硼(peng)(peng)鎂(mei)礦硫酸(suan)(suan)法(一(yi)步法)生產(chan)(chan)硼(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan),再用(yong)純(chun)堿中和(he)制硼(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)(sha),建成了(le)年(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)1 000 t硼(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)生產(chan)(chan)線(xian);沈陽味精廠(沈陽市(shi)化(hua)學廠前身)同年(nian)(nian)也(ye)建成年(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)3 000 t硼(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)車間。1957年(nian)(nian),利用(yong)遼(liao)寧硼(peng)(peng)鎂(mei)礦在上海、丹東和(he)營(ying)口等(deng)地相繼建立一(yi)些硼(peng)(peng)鎂(mei)礦硫酸(suan)(suan)法(酸(suan)(suan)法)小規模(mo)加(jia)工廠,從(cong)此開(kai)啟了(le)中國硼(peng)(peng)化(hua)工產(chan)(chan)業[2,4]。

　　1 硼(peng)礦加(jia)工利用及(ji)硼(peng)砂等生產技術的發展時期(1958—1977年)

　　發(fa)(fa)現(xian)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)寧鳳城二臺子硼(peng)(peng)礦之(zhi)后,1956—1960年(nian)先后又發(fa)(fa)現(xian)了遼(liao)(liao)(liao)寧寬(kuan)(kuan)甸(dian)大(da)荒溝(gou)(gou)硼(peng)(peng)礦、遼(liao)(liao)(liao)寧寬(kuan)(kuan)甸(dian)楊木桿硼(peng)(peng)礦、吉林通化(hua)集安高臺溝(gou)(gou)硼(peng)(peng)礦、遼(liao)(liao)(liao)寧寬(kuan)(kuan)甸(dian)夾皮溝(gou)(gou)磚廟硼(peng)(peng)礦、遼(liao)(liao)(liao)寧鳳城翁泉(quan)溝(gou)(gou)硼(peng)(peng)鐵礦、遼(liao)(liao)(liao)寧營(ying)口大(da)石(shi)橋后仙峪硼(peng)(peng)礦[5,6]。隨著這些大(da)、中(zhong)型固體硼(peng)(peng)礦床(chuang)的(de)發(fa)(fa)現(xian),由硼(peng)(peng)礦生(sheng)產硼(peng)(peng)砂(sha)、硼(peng)(peng)酸及其(qi)他硼(peng)(peng)化(hua)學(xue)品的(de)生(sheng)產技術也不斷(duan)發(fa)(fa)展。1958年(nian)后,硼(peng)(peng)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)產企(qi)業和科(ke)研院(yuan)(yuan)所、大(da)專院(yuan)(yuan)校合作開展堿(jian)解(jie)法、碳堿(jian)法、鹽(yan)酸法、碳酸法、焙燒法等硼(peng)(peng)礦加工(gong)(gong)(gong)利用(yong)技術的(de)研究開發(fa)(fa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作。

　　1.1 硼礦制硼砂(sha)工藝的開發與完善

　　1956—1957年(nian),中國(guo)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂生(sheng)產(chan)采用(yong)的(de)是(shi)酸(suan)堿(jian)聯(lian)產(chan)法(fa),即先采用(yong)前蘇聯(lian)的(de)硫酸(suan)法(fa)加工(gong)(gong)高品(pin)位(wei)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂(mei)礦(B2O3質量分數為20%~30%)制出(chu)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan),再用(yong)純堿(jian)中和(he)生(sheng)產(chan)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂。該法(fa)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)礦分解(jie)(jie)率雖高,但會(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)大(da)量含硫酸(suan)鎂(mei)的(de)母液,扔掉大(da)量母液導致硼(peng)(peng)(peng)收率較低。1958年(nian)之后,針(zhen)對中國(guo)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)礦石品(pin)位(wei)較低和(he)酸(suan)堿(jian)聯(lian)產(chan)法(fa)工(gong)(gong)藝的(de)缺(que)點(dian),提出(chu)采用(yong)堿(jian)解(jie)(jie)法(fa)(分常(chang)壓堿(jian)解(jie)(jie)法(fa)和(he)加壓堿(jian)解(jie)(jie)法(fa))和(he)碳堿(jian)法(fa)加工(gong)(gong)低品(pin)位(wei)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂(mei)礦(B2O3質量分數為12%左右)制取硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂。

　　1958—1960年(nian)(nian),對(dui)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)堿(jian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)法(fa)和(he)(he)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)堿(jian)法(fa)制(zhi)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)進行了開發研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)。1958年(nian)(nian),北(bei)京化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)三廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)首先(xian)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)業上(shang)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)常(chang)壓(ya)堿(jian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)法(fa)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)遼寧(ning)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)(sha),該(gai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)土法(fa)焙(bei)(bei)燒(shao)(shao)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石(shi),用(yong)(yong)燒(shao)(shao)堿(jian)分解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)偏硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸鈉,然(ran)后再(zai)用(yong)(yong)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸氫鈉中和(he)(he)制(zhi)取硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)[6]。同(tong)(tong)年(nian)(nian),青海大(da)(da)(da)(da)柴旦硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)以青海鈉硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)石(shi)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)為原料,采(cai)用(yong)(yong)純堿(jian)或天然(ran)堿(jian)分解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)鈉硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)石(shi)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)[7]。1959年(nian)(nian)7月上(shang)海大(da)(da)(da)(da)新化(hua)(hua)學廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)首先(xian)開發了硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)堿(jian)法(fa)制(zhi)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi),該(gai)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)業試驗(yan)過程(cheng)中遇到了一些(xie)問題,導(dao)致試驗(yan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)不(bu)能繼續(xu);隨后,遼寧(ning)省化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)所和(he)(he)沈陽(yang)(yang)農藥(yao)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)合作(zuo)進行了碳(tan)(tan)(tan)堿(jian)法(fa)流程(cheng)的小試研(yan)(yan)究(jiu);1960年(nian)(nian)8月,沈陽(yang)(yang)農藥(yao)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)年(nian)(nian)產(chan)2 000 t碳(tan)(tan)(tan)堿(jian)法(fa)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)車間(jian)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong),9月份開始試車,連(lian)續(xu)穩定試生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)3個月,碳(tan)(tan)(tan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)率(lv)達到76.5%,B2O3總收率(lv)達到68.8%[6]。1960年(nian)(nian),針(zhen)對(dui)堿(jian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)率(lv)和(he)(he)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)率(lv)較(jiao)低的實(shi)際(ji)問題,大(da)(da)(da)(da)連(lian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)學院(大(da)(da)(da)(da)連(lian)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)學前身)開展硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)焙(bei)(bei)燒(shao)(shao)機理研(yan)(yan)究(jiu),確定了不(bu)同(tong)(tong)產(chan)地、不(bu)同(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山采(cai)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的焙(bei)(bei)燒(shao)(shao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)條件(jian),使硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)行業認識到硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石(shi)的焙(bei)(bei)燒(shao)(shao)質量是硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的技術關鍵,對(dui)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)收率(lv)有重大(da)(da)(da)(da)影響[6]。在工(gong)(gong)(gong)業上(shang),各(ge)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)根據大(da)(da)(da)(da)連(lian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)學院研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)的硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石(shi)焙(bei)(bei)燒(shao)(shao)機理改進豎窯(yao)結構,嚴(yan)格控制(zhi)焙(bei)(bei)燒(shao)(shao)溫(wen)度和(he)(he)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石(shi)停留(liu)時間(jian),使礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石(shi)活性大(da)(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)(da)提高,解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)決了堿(jian)法(fa)分解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)率(lv)低的問題,否定了原蘇(su)聯硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)專家(jia)貝爾林教授提出的“堿(jian)法(fa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)的分解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)率(lv)超不(bu)過75%”的斷定[8]。硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)焙(bei)(bei)燒(shao)(shao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的進步(bu),使加壓(ya)堿(jian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)法(fa)分解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)率(lv)達到90%以上(shang),碳(tan)(tan)(tan)堿(jian)法(fa)分解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)率(lv)達到85%以上(shang)。

　　1961—1963年,針(zhen)對堿(jian)(jian)(jian)解(jie)法(fa)(fa)和(he)碳(tan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)不足進(jin)行改進(jin)。硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂礦加(jia)(jia)壓(ya)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)解(jie)法(fa)(fa)制(zhi)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)的(de)(de)(de)工藝(yi)技術(shu)在(zai)上(shang)海硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)廠(chang)實現(xian)工業化生(sheng)產(chan),加(jia)(jia)壓(ya)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)解(jie)法(fa)(fa)可(ke)使分解(jie)率從70%提(ti)高到(dao)(dao)(dao)90%,燒堿(jian)(jian)(jian)消(xiao)耗(hao)降低1/2,硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)的(de)(de)(de)收率大(da)大(da)提(ti)高[6]。堿(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)(fa)加(jia)(jia)工硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂礦分解(jie)率雖然(ran)大(da)大(da)提(ti)高了,但是兩率差(cha)(分解(jie)率和(he)收率差(cha))較(jiao)大(da),即硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)的(de)(de)(de)收率低。為(wei)解(jie)決(jue)兩率差(cha)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)缺點,由北京(jing)化工八廠(chang)率先(xian)采用(yong)真空葉片過(guo)(guo)濾機(ji)將(jiang)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)渣(zha)分檔套洗(xi),使兩率差(cha)縮小在(zai)3%~5%,最小可(ke)控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)2%~3%,硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)收率達到(dao)(dao)(dao)80%以上(shang),使堿(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)工藝(yi)又(you)躍上(shang)一個(ge)新臺階[8]。同時,沈陽農(nong)藥廠(chang)的(de)(de)(de)碳(tan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)(fa)工業化試驗裝置(zhi)(硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)2 000 t/a)經過(guo)(guo)幾年的(de)(de)(de)不斷(duan)改進(jin)和(he)完善,于(yu)1963年上(shang)半年各項技術(shu)經濟指標達到(dao)(dao)(dao)當(dang)時國(guo)內(nei)先(xian)進(jin)水平,碳(tan)解(jie)率達到(dao)(dao)(dao)80%左右(you),B2O3總收率達到(dao)(dao)(dao)74%左右(you),標志著碳(tan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)(fa)加(jia)(jia)工硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂礦制(zhi)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)的(de)(de)(de)新工藝(yi)已經成熟(shu),實現(xian)了工業化穩定生(sheng)產(chan)[6,9]。碳(tan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)(fa)工藝(yi)是中國(guo)獨(du)創(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)適合國(guo)情(qing)的(de)(de)(de)低品(pin)位(wei)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)礦制(zhi)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)的(de)(de)(de)新工藝(yi),由于(yu)碳(tan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)先(xian)進(jin)性,1976年以后國(guo)內(nei)以硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂礦為(wei)原料的(de)(de)(de)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)廠(chang)逐步改用(yong)碳(tan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha),一直沿用(yong)至(zhi)今[6]。

　　1964—1977年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)一步完(wan)善(shan)。為(wei)加快硼(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂礦碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)制(zhi)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)完(wan)善(shan),1964年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)沈(shen)陽農藥(yao)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)、中海(hai)(hai)油天津(jin)化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)研究設計(ji)院有(you)(you)限公司(原天津(jin)化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)研究院)、上(shang)海(hai)(hai)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)聯(lian)合研究提高碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)分解率和采(cai)用(yong)CO2富(fu)集(ji)縮短反(fan)應時間新工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)[6]。1972年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)遼寧省提出(chu)在沈(shen)陽農藥(yao)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)制(zhi)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),并提出(chu)不用(yong)塔(ta)設備直接將(jiang)二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)窯氣通(tong)入加壓碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)解罐(guan)和不用(yong)富(fu)集(ji)二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)議。1973年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),上(shang)海(hai)(hai)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)首先實(shi)現了碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)這一技(ji)術改(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin),經濟技(ji)術指標比改(gai)(gai)造(zao)前有(you)(you)顯著提高,硼(peng)(peng)(peng)收率達到75%。1975年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)8月,上(shang)海(hai)(hai)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)革除了富(fu)集(ji)二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序,采(cai)用(yong)窯氣直接碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)解生(sheng)產(chan)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha);1975年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)10月化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)部開(kai)始在全國(guo)推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。1975年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)遼寧冶(ye)建(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)在碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)改(gai)(gai)造(zao)時成(cheng)功(gong)將(jiang)糖廠(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)密(mi)壓機用(yong)到硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)生(sheng)產(chan)中,并研制(zhi)成(cheng)功(gong)了特有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)排渣底閥,為(wei)密(mi)壓機在硼(peng)(peng)(peng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)做出(chu)了關鍵改(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)。1976年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),開(kai)原化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)首次在國(guo)內采(cai)用(yong)回(hui)轉窯焙(bei)燒硼(peng)(peng)(peng)礦粉(fen);同年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),開(kai)原化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)將(jiang)氮肥工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業中使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)連續(xu)臥式離心機成(cheng)功(gong)用(yong)于硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)生(sheng)產(chan),不僅(jin)提高了硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)效(xiao)率,還實(shi)現了連續(xu)生(sheng)產(chan);在碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)制(zhi)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)技(ji)術方面,開(kai)原化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)、寬甸(dian)五九一廠(chang)(chang)(chang)、遼陽冶(ye)建(jian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)等陸(lu)續(xu)完(wan)成(cheng)技(ji)術改(gai)(gai)造(zao),使碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)制(zhi)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)一步完(wan)善(shan),為(wei)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)使用(yong)奠定了基礎。

　　1.2 硼(peng)礦制(zhi)硼(peng)酸工藝(yi)的起源與發展

　　硼(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)生(sheng)產(chan)分為硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)硫酸(suan)(suan)中和(he)法(二步法)和(he)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂(mei)礦硫酸(suan)(suan)法(一步法)。硫酸(suan)(suan)中和(he)法始于1952年,遼(liao)源化工廠(遼(liao)寧(ning)開原化工廠前身)利(li)用(yong)進(jin)口硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)采用(yong)硫酸(suan)(suan)中和(he)法制取硼(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan);1956年,開原化工廠學(xue)習前蘇(su)聯技(ji)術,利(li)用(yong)鳳城硼(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂(mei)礦采用(yong)硫酸(suan)(suan)法生(sheng)產(chan)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)。

　　1960年(nian),青(qing)(qing)海(hai)大(da)柴旦化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)開始利(li)(li)用(yong)大(da)、小柴旦鹽湖(hu)的(de)(de)(de)硼(peng)(peng)礦(kuang)資源生產硼(peng)(peng)砂,青(qing)(qing)海(hai)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)以大(da)柴旦化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)的(de)(de)(de)硼(peng)(peng)砂為原料二(er)步法制硼(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)裝置投產,結束(shu)了(le)青(qing)(qing)藏地(di)區無(wu)硼(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)生產的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史[7]。1962年(nian),青(qing)(qing)藏地(di)區硼(peng)(peng)砂礦(kuang)供應緊(jin)張,為解決硼(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)生產原料問題,青(qing)(qing)海(hai)省(sheng)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)設計研究院與青(qing)(qing)海(hai)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)協(xie)作開發完成了(le)以青(qing)(qing)海(hai)柴達木盆地(di)柱(zhu)硼(peng)(peng)鎂石礦(kuang)為原料硫酸(suan)(suan)分解法制取(qu)硼(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝。該項(xiang)目投入工(gong)(gong)業化(hua)(hua)生產后(hou)產品質量(liang)穩定,硼(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)質量(liang)分數(shu)達到99%以上(shang),產品出口(kou)國際市場。從此開啟(qi)了(le)中國西部地(di)區利(li)(li)用(yong)固體(ti)硼(peng)(peng)鎂礦(kuang)(柱(zhu)硼(peng)(peng)鎂石)一(yi)步法生產硼(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史[7]。

　　1965年,由于加壓堿解法和碳(tan)堿法制硼(peng)(peng)砂工藝日(ri)益成(cheng)熟,硼(peng)(peng)砂產(chan)量不斷增(zeng)加,選擇(ze)以(yi)硼(peng)(peng)砂為原(yuan)料采(cai)用硫酸中和法制造硼(peng)(peng)酸的條件成(cheng)熟,二步法便迅速推廣開來,并(bing)一(yi)直延續到20世紀90代[10]。

　　1.3 碳化(hua)硼(peng)等(deng)含硼(peng)精細化(hua)學(xue)品的開(kai)發

　　從1954年(nian)開始中(zhong)國就有多家單位試(shi)制碳(tan)化硼(peng)。牡丹(dan)江(jiang)磨料(liao)(liao)磨具廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(牡丹(dan)江(jiang)磨料(liao)(liao)二廠(chang)(chang)(chang)前身)是其中(zhong)之一,1958年(nian)該廠(chang)(chang)(chang)利用前蘇聯的(de)(de)技術依(yi)托牡丹(dan)江(jiang)化工二廠(chang)(chang)(chang)生產(chan)的(de)(de)硼(peng)酸批(pi)量生產(chan)碳(tan)化硼(peng),是當時國內唯一的(de)(de)碳(tan)化硼(peng)生產(chan)廠(chang)(chang)(chang),這種(zhong)狀況(kuang)一直持續至1982年(nian)[6,11]。

　　1960年,牡丹江(jiang)磨料二廠(牡丹江(jiang)金剛(gang)鉆碳化(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)(peng)有限(xian)公(gong)司(si)前身(shen))建成中國第一(yi)條(tiao)碳化(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)(peng)生產(chan)線(xian),形(xing)成年產(chan)100 t的(de)碳化(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)(peng)生產(chan)規(gui)模;遼寧省化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)研究所采(cai)用三氟化(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)(peng)乙醚絡(luo)合物蒸(zheng)餾法富集10B同(tong)位(wei)素;開原(yuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)廠試(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)元素硼(peng)(peng)和氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)(peng);營口化(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)廠試(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)氮化(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)(peng);沈陽農藥廠采(cai)用碳熱(re)還(huan)原(yuan)法試(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)碳化(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)(peng)、抽絲法試(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)(peng)、鎂熱(re)還(huan)原(yuan)法試(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)元素硼(peng)(peng)以及硼(peng)(peng)酐(gan)和氟硼(peng)(peng)酸鉀(jia)等(deng)硼(peng)(peng)精細化(hua)(hua)(hua)學品(pin)的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)備(bei)[6]。

　　1970年,遼寧省化工(gong)(gong)研究所采用硼(peng)氫化物裂解法制(zhi)(zhi)純度為99.99%的元素(su)硼(peng)試制(zhi)(zhi)成功(gong),為可控(kong)硅(gui)生產配套提供了合格的元素(su)硼(peng)材料;1970年,開(kai)原化工(gong)(gong)廠研制(zhi)(zhi)成功(gong)三氯(lv)化硼(peng);1971年,遼寧寬甸五九一廠日產700 kg的無水硼(peng)砂裝置建成投產。

　　從(cong)1956年(nian)到1966年(nian)用近10 a的(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)中(zhong)國硼(peng)(peng)(peng)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)從(cong)誕生走向(xiang)全盛時(shi)期。特別是(shi)1963年(nian)原化工(gong)(gong)部硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)處的(de)(de)成立,使行(xing)業(ye)凝聚了(le)(le)力(li)量,在硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)處的(de)(de)領導(dao)下(xia)僅用3 a時(shi)間(jian)改(gai)革推廣(guang)了(le)(le)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)礦石豎窯焙燒、加(jia)壓堿解(jie)、真(zhen)空葉片吸濾、氣流干燥(zao)、雙(shuang)效蒸(zheng)發等工(gong)(gong)藝及設備,完(wan)善了(le)(le)堿法生產硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝路線,獨創(chuang)了(le)(le)中(zhong)國硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)生產的(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝。1964—1966年(nian)是(shi)中(zhong)國硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)行(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)興(xing)盛時(shi)期,各項技(ji)術經濟(ji)指標都創(chuang)歷(li)史最(zui)佳水平(ping)。1967—1976年(nian),受10 a動亂的(de)(de)影(ying)響,削弱了(le)(le)企(qi)業(ye)管理和職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)積極性(xing),各項技(ji)術經濟(ji)指標大幅(fu)下(xia)降(jiang),硼(peng)(peng)(peng)的(de)(de)收率又回落到70%左右,成本上升(sheng),企(qi)業(ye)虧(kui)損,有的(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)減(jian)產、轉產,硼(peng)(peng)(peng)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)進入低潮時(shi)期。

　　2 新(xin)技(ji)術、新(xin)設備和新(xin)產品不(bu)斷(duan)涌(yong)現時期(qi)(1978—1990年(nian))

　　20世紀80年代,中(zhong)國硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)工業(ye)(ye)步入(ru)快速發展階段。在(zai)此期間,新(xin)技術(shu)、新(xin)設(she)備(bei)、新(xin)品種不斷(duan)涌現。碳(tan)堿法(fa)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂無(wu)蒸(zheng)發新(xin)工藝(yi)、硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂礦(kuang)沸騰焙燒(shao)、電滲析(xi)法(fa)制硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)、箱式(shi)過濾機、流化(hua)床干燥及(ji)臥式(shi)刮(gua)刀自動離心(xin)機等(deng)新(xin)技術(shu)、新(xin)設(she)備(bei)在(zai)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)行業(ye)(ye)全面開(kai)花,各廠的機械化(hua)、半自動化(hua)水(shui)平進一步提高,新(xin)的產品如(ru)五水(shui)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂、無(wu)水(shui)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂、硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)鋅、硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)鈣、氮(dan)化(hua)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)、元素硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)、氟硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)鹽、過硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)鹽、優級純化(hua)學試(shi)劑(ji)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)、稀(xi)土硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)物(wu)、釹鐵(tie)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)等(deng)也相繼問世。無(wu)機硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)物(wu)品種達40個(ge)左右,尤其(qi)是碳(tan)化(hua)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)、硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂、硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)開(kai)始(shi)出口,中(zhong)國硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)工業(ye)(ye)在(zai)國際上(shang)開(kai)始(shi)引人注目(mu)[4]。

　　2.1 碳堿法新技術新裝備更新與走向成熟

　　1978—1990年(nian),碳(tan)(tan)堿(jian)法(fa)(fa)工(gong)藝技術的(de)改(gai)進(jin)和(he)(he)新設備的(de)使用(yong)使硼(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂礦(kuang)(kuang)碳(tan)(tan)堿(jian)法(fa)(fa)制(zhi)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)工(gong)藝更(geng)加完善。遼(liao)陽冶(ye)建化(hua)(hua)工(gong)廠(chang)(chang)于1978年(nian)安(an)裝了(le)(le)(le)4臺(tai)密壓機(ji),與過去硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)使用(yong)的(de)真空(kong)葉片過濾(lv)(lv)機(ji)比較(jiao),密壓機(ji)有生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)能力大、能耗低、機(ji)械化(hua)(hua)程度高(gao)(gao)(gao)、操作(zuo)(zuo)條件好(hao)等優點,其后(hou)在碳(tan)(tan)堿(jian)法(fa)(fa)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)得(de)到推廣應用(yong)[12]。1980年(nian),營口化(hua)(hua)工(gong)廠(chang)(chang)無水(shui)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)中(zhong)(zhong)試(shi)裝置運行。1981年(nian),開原化(hua)(hua)工(gong)廠(chang)(chang)完成年(nian)產(chan)(chan)萬噸硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)的(de)技術改(gai)造。1983年(nian)營口化(hua)(hua)工(gong)廠(chang)(chang)五水(shui)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)投(tou)入(ru)試(shi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan),產(chan)(chan)品開始(shi)(shi)供應國(guo)內外市(shi)(shi)場。1986年(nian),為解決(jue)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程中(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)泥(ni)(ni)固體(ti)廢(fei)棄(qi)物(wu)環境(jing)污染問題,遼(liao)寧在制(zhi)磚瓦(wa)過程中(zhong)(zhong)加入(ru)20%~30%的(de)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)泥(ni)(ni),產(chan)(chan)品檢驗達到GB 5101—1985《燒(shao)結普通磚》的(de)標準,開始(shi)(shi)投(tou)入(ru)批量生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)[13]。1988年(nian),遼(liao)寧省化(hua)(hua)工(gong)研(yan)究院研(yan)制(zhi)成功(gong)利用(yong)工(gong)業隧道窯焙燒(shao)遼(liao)寧寬甸二人溝硼(peng)(peng)(peng)精礦(kuang)(kuang),遼(liao)寧寬甸礦(kuang)(kuang)和(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)海(hai)油天津化(hua)(hua)工(gong)研(yan)究設計院有限公司合作(zuo)(zuo)開發了(le)(le)(le)工(gong)業化(hua)(hua)沸騰(teng)焙燒(shao)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)礦(kuang)(kuang)粉技術[6]。1988年(nian)5月長春(chun)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)一(yi)廠(chang)(chang)在碳(tan)(tan)堿(jian)法(fa)(fa)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)中(zhong)(zhong),開始(shi)(shi)使用(yong)自動(dong)逆洗壓濾(lv)(lv)機(ji)替代真空(kong)葉片吸濾(lv)(lv)機(ji),過濾(lv)(lv)強度明顯提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao),其后(hou)在碳(tan)(tan)堿(jian)法(fa)(fa)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)獲得(de)廣泛(fan)應用(yong)[14]。在遼(liao)寧鳳城翁(weng)泉溝硼(peng)(peng)(peng)鐵(tie)(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)加工(gong)利用(yong)領(ling)域,1989年(nian)東北大學與丹東市(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)研(yan)究所合作(zuo)(zuo)完成了(le)(le)(le)高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫還原法(fa)(fa)分離硼(peng)(peng)(peng)鐵(tie)(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)鐵(tie)(tie)和(he)(he)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)的(de)擴(kuo)大實驗,富(fu)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)渣碳(tan)(tan)堿(jian)法(fa)(fa)制(zhi)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)通過了(le)(le)(le)省級(ji)技術鑒定[6]。1990年(nian),長春(chun)市(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)工(gong)一(yi)廠(chang)(chang)通過改(gai)進(jin)過濾(lv)(lv)設備和(he)(he)洗滌(di)工(gong)藝,提(ti)(ti)(ti)出了(le)(le)(le)碳(tan)(tan)堿(jian)法(fa)(fa)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)無蒸發新工(gong)藝,該工(gong)藝降低了(le)(le)(le)燃(ran)煤和(he)(he)電的(de)消耗,提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)了(le)(le)(le)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)經濟效益,其后(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)碳(tan)(tan)堿(jian)法(fa)(fa)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)均免(mian)除(chu)了(le)(le)(le)蒸發工(gong)序[15]。

　　1990年化工(gong)部決定(ding)從“八五”開始(shi)國家投入資金對幾個國有礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)山進行擴建,寬甸欒家溝(gou)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)生產(chan)能力達到(dao)15萬(wan)t/a、營口501礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)達到(dao)10萬(wan)t/a、寬甸二人溝(gou)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)達到(dao)5萬(wan)t/a,鳳(feng)城(cheng)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)在(zai)翁泉(quan)溝(gou)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)區的(de)東(dong)臺子建生產(chan)能力為3.5萬(wan)t/a的(de)硼(peng)(peng)鐵礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)[6]。為加快(kuai)遼寧(ning)鳳(feng)城(cheng)翁泉(quan)溝(gou)特大(da)型硼(peng)(peng)鐵礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)的(de)開發(fa)利(li)用、解決硼(peng)(peng)鎂(mei)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)枯竭的(de)局面,地質(zhi)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)部將(jiang)該礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)列入“七五”重點(dian)科技攻關(guan)項目,1990年由地礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)部鄭州礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)綜(zong)合(he)利(li)用研(yan)究(jiu)所、遼寧(ning)省(sheng)地質(zhi)實驗研(yan)究(jiu)所及廣東(dong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)產(chan)應用研(yan)究(jiu)所聯合(he)開始(shi)對鳳(feng)城(cheng)翁泉(quan)溝(gou)硼(peng)(peng)鐵礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)鹽(yan)酸(suan)法分解硼(peng)(peng)精礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)制取硼(peng)(peng)酸(suan)和綜(zong)合(he)利(li)用制取輕質(zhi)碳酸(suan)鎂(mei)、輕質(zhi)氧化鎂(mei)進行半(ban)工(gong)業試(shi)驗[6,16]。

　　2.2 氟硼(peng)酸(suan)鹽(yan)及(ji)稀土(tu)硼(peng)化合物等新產品投入生產和推廣應用

　　1978—1990年(nian)(nian)(nian),新的無機(ji)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)、含硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)材(cai)料(liao)及制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品不斷涌現。1979年(nian)(nian)(nian),牡(mu)丹(dan)江磨(mo)料(liao)二廠研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出中國(guo)第(di)(di)一(yi)件碳(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)防彈衣,1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)該廠為國(guo)家核潛艇研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出第(di)(di)一(yi)批(pi)碳(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)密封(feng)圈(quan);中國(guo)科學(xue)院(yuan)沈陽(yang)金屬研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)所(suo)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)六(liu)(liu)方氮化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng),填補了國(guo)內空白;營口化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)廠生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的氮化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)和(he)開(kai)原化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)廠生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的晶(jing)體硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng),分別在國(guo)防尖(jian)端工(gong)業和(he)復合(he)材(cai)料(liao)中得到應用(yong);遼寧省(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)所(suo)、本溪市化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)廠化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)法(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)取過硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)鈉研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong),并(bing)投(tou)(tou)入生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan);1981年(nian)(nian)(nian),遼寧省(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)所(suo)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)氟硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)鈉,并(bing)應用(yong)于(yu)國(guo)內紡織印染工(gong)業;開(kai)原化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)廠提(ti)出制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)取硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)鈣新工(gong)藝(yi),并(bing)提(ti)供(gong)批(pi)量產(chan)品供(gong)國(guo)內有(you)關部(bu)門試(shi)(shi)用(yong);1981—1982年(nian)(nian)(nian),遼寧省(sheng)(sheng)冶金研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)所(suo)、丹(dan)東(dong)市化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)所(suo)、沈陽(yang)農藥廠、營口化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)廠,以硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)為原料(liao)采(cai)用(yong)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)法(fa)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)低水硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)鋅阻燃劑(ji)并(bing)投(tou)(tou)入小規(gui)模生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan);上海(hai)無機(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)所(suo)則采(cai)用(yong)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂法(fa)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)低水硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)鋅,也相繼在全國(guo)一(yi)些單位推廣生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan);1982年(nian)(nian)(nian)底,上海(hai)云嶺化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)廠試(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)優級純化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)試(shi)(shi)劑(ji)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan),1983年(nian)(nian)(nian)投(tou)(tou)入生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan);在稀(xi)土硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)物(wu)領域,1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)包頭稀(xi)土研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)院(yuan)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)第(di)(di)三代永磁材(cai)料(liao)釹(nv)鐵硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)系列產(chan)品、六(liu)(liu)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鑭陰極發(fa)射材(cai)料(liao)以及稀(xi)土硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)單晶(jing)等含硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)稀(xi)土材(cai)料(liao)[6,17-18]。1986年(nian)(nian)(nian),上海(hai)云嶺化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)廠和(he)上海(hai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)專科學(xue)校試(shi)(shi)驗成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)(gong)用(yong)濃CO2碳(tan)解(jie)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂礦(kuang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)鹽,再用(yong)石灰乳(ru)做鈣化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造偏(pian)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)鈣[6]。1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)中海(hai)油天津化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)設計(ji)院(yuan)有(you)限公司將硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)鋅阻燃劑(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)果轉讓給鎮江硫酸(suan)廠,該廠于(yu)4月(yue)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)業試(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan),5月(yue)投(tou)(tou)入批(pi)量生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)[19]。

　　3 礦化結合、規模化經營的變革時期(1991—2000年)

　　20世(shi)紀90年代是(shi)硼工(gong)業(ye)(ye)實施礦化結合、規(gui)模經營的10 a。一些(xie)遠離(li)礦山和在(zai)(zai)大(da)城(cheng)市的企業(ye)(ye)由(you)于原料運(yun)輸及硼泥排放(fang)等(deng)問(wen)題相繼(ji)轉產(chan)或停產(chan),而遼寧省寬甸、鳳(feng)城(cheng)、營口等(deng)礦區(qu)的縣市則大(da)力發揮(hui)離(li)礦近的優勢不斷擴大(da)生產(chan)能力。為提高市場(chang)競爭能力,鳳(feng)城(cheng)二臺(tai)子硼礦、寬甸硼礦的硼砂生產(chan)能力達到(dao)或突破3萬t/a,2萬t/a以上生產(chan)能力的企業(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)遼寧省內還(huan)有(you)6家(jia),使遼寧省成為中國硼工(gong)業(ye)(ye)基地。在(zai)(zai)技術開發方面,硼礦資(zi)源所在(zai)(zai)地的遼寧省化工(gong)研究(jiu)院、丹東(dong)市化工(gong)研究(jiu)所、大(da)連理工(gong)大(da)學、東(dong)北大(da)學等(deng)都從事(shi)硼工(gong)業(ye)(ye)課題研究(jiu),對(dui)新(xin)品(pin)種開發、新(xin)資(zi)源的利用及新(xin)工(gong)藝研究(jiu)做出了重(zhong)要(yao)貢獻[4]。

　　3.1 礦化結(jie)合及(ji)硼鐵(tie)礦資源的開發利(li)用

　　遼(liao)寧纖維硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂石資(zi)源經過幾十年開(kai)采礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石品位和(he)資(zi)源儲量均下降(jiang),礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石供應日趨(qu)緊張,遼(liao)寧鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)城(cheng)(cheng)特大型硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)的(de)(de)開(kai)發利用迫(po)在(zai)眉睫。1991年3月,遼(liao)寧鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)城(cheng)(cheng)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)以翁(weng)泉溝(gou)東(dong)(dong)臺(tai)子段硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)原礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)為原料采用碳(tan)堿法制硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)工藝(yi)進行了工業試(shi)生產(chan)并產(chan)出(chu)(chu)合格硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)[20]。1994年,遼(liao)寧省鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)城(cheng)(cheng)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)按東(dong)(dong)北大學研制的(de)(de)選礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)工藝(yi)向化(hua)工部提出(chu)(chu)了翁(weng)泉溝(gou)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)東(dong)(dong)臺(tai)子段開(kai)采50萬t/a項目。1995年,遼(liao)寧鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)城(cheng)(cheng)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)利用翁(weng)泉溝(gou)東(dong)(dong)臺(tai)子段硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)原礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)采用碳(tan)堿法生產(chan)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)獲得(de)成功,通過了技術(shu)鑒定。1996年,東(dong)(dong)北大學完(wan)成了鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)城(cheng)(cheng)翁(weng)泉溝(gou)東(dong)(dong)臺(tai)子段硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)高爐(lu)法分(fen)離鐵(tie)和(he)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)、富硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)渣(zha)硫酸法制造硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸新技術(shu)的(de)(de)擴大試(shi)驗(yan),并在(zai)鳳(feng)(feng)(feng)城(cheng)(cheng)通過了技術(shu)鑒定。1997年,中(zhong)海(hai)油天津化(hua)工研究設計院有限公(gong)司以翁(weng)泉溝(gou)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)選礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)得(de)到的(de)(de)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)做含硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)原料(B2O3質量分(fen)數為12.25%),不經過焙燒(shao)活化(hua)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)用堿分(fen)解制取硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)工藝(yi)方法取得(de)成功,分(fen)解率達到84%~90%。

　　1993年(nian),大(da)連理工(gong)大(da)學(xue)對遼寧省鳳城(cheng)翁泉溝含鈾硼(peng)(peng)(peng)鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)以及寬(kuan)甸五道(dao)嶺硼(peng)(peng)(peng)鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)的(de)綜合利(li)用進行了(le)系(xi)統(tong)開發(fa)研究,提出(chu)了(le)采(cai)(cai)用硫酸(suan)(suan)(suan)分(fen)(fen)解、阻溶除鐵(tie)、沉(chen)淀除鈾及對母液中MgSO4和(he)H3BO3采(cai)(cai)用鎂鹽鹽析(xi)法分(fen)(fen)離的(de)綜合利(li)用技(ji)術[21]。1995年(nian),大(da)連理工(gong)大(da)學(xue)與遼寧寬(kuan)甸東星化(hua)工(gong)廠(chang)、寬(kuan)甸縣硼(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)廠(chang)合作,開發(fa)的(de)硫酸(suan)(suan)(suan)分(fen)(fen)解低品位硼(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂礦(kuang)(kuang)和(he)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)(B2O3質量分(fen)(fen)數小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)13%)制(zhi)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)、鹽析(xi)法分(fen)(fen)離硼(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)母液制(zhi)一(yi)水(shui)硫酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鎂新工(gong)藝中試(shi)成功(gong),硼(peng)(peng)(peng)收率(lv)均(jun)大(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)80% [21]。鑒于(yu)(yu)(yu)氯(lv)化(hua)鎂鹽析(xi)法介(jie)質腐蝕嚴重(zhong)、不(bu)銹鋼不(bu)能使用、石墨材(cai)料應(ying)用也受到限(xian)制(zhi)、鈦材(cai)價格十(shi)分(fen)(fen)昂貴,1996年(nian)在此基礎上采(cai)(cai)用硝酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鎂為(wei)阻溶劑和(he)鹽析(xi)劑在1 000 t/a的(de)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)廠(chang)進行了(le)硝酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鎂鹽析(xi)法工(gong)業生(sheng)產試(shi)驗,并于(yu)(yu)(yu)1996年(nian)11月通過了(le)遼寧省科(ke)委組織(zhi)的(de)鑒定(ding)[21]。

　　1995—2000年,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國有硼(peng)砂(sha)、硼(peng)酸企(qi)業(ye)(ye)40余家,由于(yu)原料和(he)(he)市(shi)場等原因,有數家企(qi)業(ye)(ye)停產(chan)(chan)或(huo)轉產(chan)(chan),如北京化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)八廠(chang)、西安浐(chan)河化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)、無錫(xi)紅星化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)、上海云(yun)嶺化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)和(he)(he)開(kai)封化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)等。與(yu)此(ci)同時,遼寧省等硼(peng)礦產(chan)(chan)地的硼(peng)砂(sha)、硼(peng)酸生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)廠(chang)卻如雨后春(chun)筍(sun)般迅(xun)速增加,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鄉鎮企(qi)業(ye)(ye)占相當比重。1995年,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國十幾家國有硼(peng)砂(sha)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)能力(li)達(da)到25萬(wan)(wan)t/a,鄉鎮企(qi)業(ye)(ye)硼(peng)砂(sha)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)能力(li)達(da)到10萬(wan)(wan)t/a,硼(peng)砂(sha)總(zong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)能力(li)達(da)到35萬(wan)(wan)t/a,硼(peng)酸總(zong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)能力(li)達(da)到5萬(wan)(wan)t/a。

　　3.2 新(xin)產品(pin)、新(xin)技術和新(xin)材料的開發

　　1992年12月遼寧省(sheng)化工研究院完成(cheng)化工部(bu)重點科技計劃硼(peng)-10酸制備中(zhong)試課題,硼(peng)-10同位素豐度大于95%[22]。該成(cheng)果(guo)以三(san)氟化硼(peng)乙醚絡合物為主(zhu)要原料,1995年建(jian)成(cheng)工業級10B同位素分離(li)裝(zhuang)置。

　　1993年4月,中(zhong)海(hai)油天津化工(gong)研(yan)究設計院有限公(gong)司和上(shang)海(hai)嘉定硼(peng)(peng)砂廠(chang)合作采用一步(bu)法制取硼(peng)(peng)酸鈣(gai)的(de)(de)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)規模(mo)試驗成功,產品(pin)達到無堿(jian)玻璃纖維行(xing)業(ye)(ye)要(yao)求的(de)(de)標準[23]。1994年,丹東(dong)市化工(gong)研(yan)究所自(zi)20世紀80年代以來開發成功的(de)(de)六方(fang)氮化硼(peng)(peng)、二(er)硼(peng)(peng)化鈦(tai)、二(er)硼(peng)(peng)化鋯、立方(fang)氮化硼(peng)(peng)和硼(peng)(peng)氫化鈉等硼(peng)(peng)精細化學品(pin)及(ji)含硼(peng)(peng)新材料,其中(zhong)絕大部(bu)分品(pin)種(zhong)形成小(xiao)規模(mo)生產。1995年,遼寧省化工(gong)研(yan)究院經過3 a研(yan)究攻關(guan),研(yan)制成功新型富硼(peng)(peng)的(de)(de)金屬硼(peng)(peng)化物六硼(peng)(peng)化鈣(gai)。

　　1997年,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)科(ke)學(xue)院青海(hai)(hai)鹽湖研究所(suo)完成(cheng)的硼(peng)酸鋁(lv)晶(jing)須(xu)新(xin)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)項目(mu)通(tong)過(guo)了(le)技術鑒定;中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)參與國(guo)(guo)際(ji)研究測定太空暗(an)物質的“阿爾(er)法”裝置中(zhong)的釹(nv)鐵硼(peng)由中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)三環(huan)集(ji)團等(deng)單位提供(gong),中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)已有40多家(jia)工廠(chang)生(sheng)產(chan)釹(nv)鐵硼(peng)磁(ci)性(xing)材(cai)料(liao)(liao),產(chan)量達到2 000 t/a。1998年,牡(mu)丹江磨料(liao)(liao)二廠(chang)成(cheng)為中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)第一(yi)家(jia)核用(yong)碳化硼(peng)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)供(gong)應商(shang),在“高溫氣冷堆(dui)”、“快中(zhong)子反應堆(dui)”和“空間模擬堆(dui)”中(zhong)應用(yong)。1999年,中(zhong)海(hai)(hai)油(you)天津化工研究設計院有限公司開(kai)發成(cheng)功(gong)(gong)流動性(xing)好、大顆(ke)粒五(wu)結晶(jing)水硼(peng)砂(sha)工業性(xing)生(sheng)產(chan)裝置。2000年,大連理(li)工大學(xue)開(kai)發的硼(peng)砂(sha)、石灰和鹽酸為原(yuan)料(liao)(liao)的一(yi)步法直接制取(qu)偏硼(peng)酸鈣技術在遼(liao)寧大石橋(qiao)市硼(peng)制品廠(chang)試產(chan)成(cheng)功(gong)(gong),產(chan)品替代進口硬硼(peng)鈣石作為無堿玻纖的含(han)硼(peng)原(yuan)料(liao)(liao),年產(chan)量達4 000 t。

　　4 依托資源(yuan)布(bu)局、入(ru)世影響日漸(jian)突出的(de)結構調(diao)整(zheng)時期(2001—2020年(nian))

　　進(jin)入(ru)21世紀后,缺乏硼(peng)(peng)(peng)資(zi)源(yuan)省(sheng)市的(de)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂和硼(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)生產(chan)(chan)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)全部轉產(chan)(chan)或(huo)停產(chan)(chan),產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)依托資(zi)源(yuan)布局的(de)局面(mian)形(xing)成,硼(peng)(peng)(peng)加(jia)工企業(ye)(ye)(ye)集中在硼(peng)(peng)(peng)礦資(zi)源(yuan)豐富的(de)遼寧、青海等地。2001年12月入(ru)世后,隨(sui)著市場需(xu)求的(de)不(bu)斷擴(kuo)大(da)(da),硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂和硼(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)進(jin)口也(ye)進(jin)一(yi)步放開,進(jin)口量逐年增長。由于(yu)國外(wai)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)資(zi)源(yuan)品(pin)位高、生產(chan)(chan)規(gui)模大(da)(da)、產(chan)(chan)品(pin)質量優,國內硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂和硼(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)市場競(jing)爭(zheng)壓力日漸增大(da)(da),硼(peng)(peng)(peng)砂和硼(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)生產(chan)(chan)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)開始在技術改進(jin)和擴(kuo)大(da)(da)規(gui)模方面(mian)下功夫,以(yi)擺(bai)脫不(bu)利的(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)局面(mian),同時也(ye)逐漸意識(shi)到技術創新和產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)結構調整的(de)必要性。

　　4.1 基(ji)礎硼產(chan)品的技術創新與規(gui)模化(hua)生產(chan)

　　2001—2020年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),基礎硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)不斷進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)創新和(he)規(gui)模(mo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)以(yi)(yi)應對(dui)(dui)(dui)入世(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),中國(guo)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)改(gai)造項(xiang)目(mu)在遼(liao)寧(ning)寬(kuan)甸礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)完成(cheng),改(gai)造后年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)1.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)t;青(qing)海(hai)利(li)亞(ya)達(da)(da)(da)(da)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)母液回收新工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)通過(guo)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)鑒定,所(suo)屬(shu)大(da)柴旦浮(fu)選(xuan)廠試(shi)(shi)(shi)車(che)成(cheng)功(gong)(gong)(gong);鞍(an)鋼(gang)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)開(kai)發部(bu)(bu)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)磁—重(zhong)選(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)法(fa)(fa)在鳳城礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)建設(she)了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)套(tao)翁泉溝硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)選(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)裝(zhuang)置,規(gui)模(mo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)10萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)t/a(原礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)),選(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)得(de)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)精(jing)(jing)(jing)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)和(he)鐵(tie)精(jing)(jing)(jing)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)品(pin)位達(da)(da)(da)(da)到(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)使用(yong)要求(qiu)。2002年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),大(da)連(lian)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)大(da)學在丹東(dong)陽光硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂公(gong)司(si)以(yi)(yi)磁—重(zhong)分離(li)(li)選(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)所(suo)得(de)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)精(jing)(jing)(jing)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)原料(liao),利(li)用(yong)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)一(yi)步(bu)(bu)法(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)獲得(de)成(cheng)功(gong)(gong)(gong),在對(dui)(dui)(dui)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)精(jing)(jing)(jing)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)焙(bei)燒去硫(liu)和(he)采(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)阻鐵(tie)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)后得(de)到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)符合國(guo)家(jia)(jia)標準的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合格硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)[21]。2004年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),遼(liao)寧(ning)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)“一(yi)步(bu)(bu)法(fa)(fa)”硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)浮(fu)選(xuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂分離(li)(li),使一(yi)步(bu)(bu)法(fa)(fa)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)收率提高到(dao)80%以(yi)(yi)上(shang),同時減少了(le)(le)(le)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)母液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排放。2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),遼(liao)寧(ning)首鋼(gang)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鐵(tie)有(you)(you)限責(ze)(ze)任公(gong)司(si)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)翁泉溝“硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鎂礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)-磁鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)型”硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)委托長沙礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)冶(ye)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究院(yuan)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)(le)選(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)分離(li)(li)擴大(da)連(lian)續(xu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan),確定選(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)流程(cheng)。2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),遼(liao)寧(ning)首鋼(gang)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鐵(tie)有(you)(you)限責(ze)(ze)任公(gong)司(si)委托東(dong)北大(da)學進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)精(jing)(jing)(jing)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)活化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)焙(bei)燒試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan),又(you)委托中海(hai)油天(tian)津(jin)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究設(she)計(ji)院(yuan)有(you)(you)限公(gong)司(si)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)優化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan),為(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)規(gui)模(mo)利(li)用(yong)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)鐵(tie)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)碳堿法(fa)(fa)制(zhi)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂拉開(kai)了(le)(le)(le)序幕。2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),國(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂產(chan)(chan)(chan)量達(da)(da)(da)(da)到(dao)有(you)(you)史以(yi)(yi)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最高值38萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)t,其后受入世(shi)影響(xiang)逐年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)。2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)8月,針對(dui)(dui)(dui)入世(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)基礎硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang),遼(liao)寧(ning)省特(te)種資源(yuan)保(bao)護辦公(gong)室組織(zhi)相關(guan)專家(jia)(jia)對(dui)(dui)(dui)遼(liao)寧(ning)省內(nei)(nei)重(zhong)點(dian)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)節能(neng)減排工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)調研(yan)(yan)(yan)和(he)考察,通過(guo)這(zhe)項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)在硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂和(he)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)中推廣先進(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu),如提高硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)中窯(yao)氣(qi)濃度降(jiang)(jiang)低空(kong)壓機功(gong)(gong)(gong)率、改(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)解設(she)備、降(jiang)(jiang)低硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂和(he)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)反(fan)應罐(guan)和(he)結晶罐(guan)攪(jiao)拌(ban)電機功(gong)(gong)(gong)率、改(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)洗滌方式(shi)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)余熱回收利(li)用(yong)、使用(yong)變頻調速設(she)備等改(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)措施,達(da)(da)(da)(da)到(dao)節能(neng)減排、降(jiang)(jiang)低生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),山(shan)(shan)東(dong)省硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)顯著變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),原有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)西藏硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)原料(liao)、采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)“一(yi)步(bu)(bu)法(fa)(fa)”生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)因成(cheng)本(ben)原因全(quan)部(bu)(bu)停產(chan)(chan)(chan)。2015年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),山(shan)(shan)東(dong)硝酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)“二(er)步(bu)(bu)法(fa)(fa)”硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)步(bu)(bu)入規(gui)模(mo)調整階(jie)段,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)裝(zhuang)置規(gui)模(mo)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)大(da)型化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),單(dan)套(tao)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)裝(zhuang)置生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)力達(da)(da)(da)(da)到(dao)2.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)t/a,企(qi)業(ye)(ye)由(you)原先的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)近30家(jia)(jia)調整為(wei)(wei)(wei)5家(jia)(jia),1萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)t/a以(yi)(yi)下(xia)規(gui)模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)淘汰。2015年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)12月,青(qing)海(hai)柴達(da)(da)(da)(da)木循(xun)環經濟試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高純(chun)氯化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋰(li)聯產(chan)(chan)(chan)高純(chun)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)項(xiang)目(mu)在大(da)柴旦工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)園正(zheng)式(shi)投產(chan)(chan)(chan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)車(che)成(cheng)功(gong)(gong)(gong)[24]。該項(xiang)目(mu)設(she)計(ji)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)1萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)t高純(chun)氯化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋰(li)、2萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)t精(jing)(jing)(jing)品(pin)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan),依托大(da)柴旦鹽(yan)湖(hu)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋰(li)、硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)資源(yuan),引進(jin)(jin)(jin)國(guo)內(nei)(nei)稀土行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)成(cheng)熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)離(li)(li)心萃(cui)取(qu)技(ji)術(shu)(shu),鋰(li)、硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)資源(yuan)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)離(li)(li)心萃(cui)取(qu)分離(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)。該項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投產(chan)(chan)(chan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)車(che)成(cheng)功(gong)(gong)(gong),標志著青(qing)海(hai)鹽(yan)湖(hu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)中鋰(li)、硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)資源(yuan)綜(zong)合開(kai)發水平邁(mai)上(shang)了(le)(le)(le)新臺(tai)階(jie)。2018年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),受環保(bao)整改(gai)、資源(yuan)枯竭和(he)進(jin)(jin)(jin)口(kou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)競爭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang),中國(guo)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂和(he)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量均(jun)呈下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)趨(qu)勢(shi),硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)14萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)t、硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂13萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)t,與產(chan)(chan)(chan)量最高峰2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)砂38萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)t、2014年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)(suan)28萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)t相比降(jiang)(jiang)幅均(jun)達(da)(da)(da)(da)到(dao)50%以(yi)(yi)上(shang)。

　　4.2 淘汰(tai)落后產(chan)能,加快產(chan)業結構調整

　　2001年(nian)后,在基礎硼產(chan)品(pin)技(ji)術創新(xin)、淘(tao)汰(tai)落后產(chan)能的同時,硼行業(ye)(ye)也積極進行產(chan)業(ye)(ye)結構調整(zheng),一些硼精細化(hua)(hua)學品(pin)及含硼材料不斷投產(chan)和(he)(he)擴大規(gui)模(mo)。2003年(nian),丹東市(shi)化(hua)(hua)工研究所和(he)(he)中科(ke)院長春(chun)應用化(hua)(hua)學所提出了國際上最新(xin)的燃(ran)燒合成技(ji)術——自蔓延合成法制備無定形硼粉(fen)(B質量分數≥90%和(he)(he)B質量分數≥95%)、氮化(hua)(hua)硼、硼化(hua)(hua)鈦(鋯)等(deng),上述(shu)產(chan)品(pin)在丹東市(shi)化(hua)(hua)工研究所實現了產(chan)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)生產(chan)。2003—2004年(nian),大連(lian)理工大學開發的“由硼砂和(he)(he)石(shi)灰制偏硼酸(suan)(suan)鈣(gai)”和(he)(he)“由鈉硼解石(shi)和(he)(he)石(shi)灰制硼酸(suan)(suan)鈣(gai)”新(xin)工藝在大石(shi)橋(qiao)市(shi)硼制品(pin)廠(chang)工業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua),硼酸(suan)(suan)鈣(gai)的生產(chan)規(gui)模(mo)達到2萬t/a。

　　2004年(nian)(nian),黑龍江省(sheng)牡(mu)丹(dan)江市(shi)碳(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)形成(cheng)(cheng)一定的規模,全市(shi)有30家(jia)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)碳(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)、碳(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硅(gui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)的企業(ye),產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)80%以上外銷,占據國(guo)際(ji)同類(lei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)近40%份額[25]。牡(mu)丹(dan)江金剛鉆碳(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)有限(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)完成(cheng)(cheng)國(guo)家(jia)重點技(ji)(ji)術改(gai)造(zao)(zao)項(xiang)目(mu),投(tou)資(zi)5 000萬元的精細微粉和核(he)用(yong)(yong)材料生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)線(xian)(xian)全面(mian)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)投(tou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)。2009年(nian)(nian),根據國(guo)際(ji)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)需求丹(dan)東(dong)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)研(yan)究所有限(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)開始研(yan)制大(da)(da)(da)(da)單晶氮(dan)(dan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin);大(da)(da)(da)(da)連博恩坦科(ke)技(ji)(ji)有限(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)采用(yong)(yong)三氟化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)甲(jia)醚絡合(he)物(wu)體系的化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)交(jiao)換法,在大(da)(da)(da)(da)連建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)300 kg/a的硼(peng)-10酸生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)線(xian)(xian)。2011年(nian)(nian),丹(dan)東(dong)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)研(yan)究所有限(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)開始大(da)(da)(da)(da)批量生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)單晶氮(dan)(dan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng),并(bing)出口國(guo)際(ji)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)。2015年(nian)(nian)6月,大(da)(da)(da)(da)連金瑪硼(peng)業(ye)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)集(ji)(ji)團股(gu)份有限(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)和大(da)(da)(da)(da)連兆科(ke)生(sheng)物(wu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)有限(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)分(fen)別獲得“核(he)用(yong)(yong)高純硼(peng)酸”、“核(he)用(yong)(yong)硼(peng)-10酸”國(guo)家(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)和信息化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)部(bu)強基工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)。2016年(nian)(nian)下半年(nian)(nian),丹(dan)東(dong)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)研(yan)究所有限(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)研(yan)制成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)類(lei)球(qiu)形團聚氮(dan)(dan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin),并(bing)投(tou)入(ru)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)。2016年(nian)(nian),大(da)(da)(da)(da)連金瑪硼(peng)業(ye)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)集(ji)(ji)團股(gu)份有限(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)與山東(dong)中(zhong)纖越弘化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)有限(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)合(he)作,建(jian)設硼(peng)鐵用(yong)(yong)硼(peng)酐(gan)的萬噸規模生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)裝(zhuang)置,為硼(peng)鐵合(he)金行業(ye)提供高品(pin)(pin)質原料。2017年(nian)(nian)1月,大(da)(da)(da)(da)連博恩坦科(ke)技(ji)(ji)有限(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)啟動(dong)(dong)年(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)50 t硼(peng)同位(wei)(wei)素系列(lie)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)的產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)項(xiang)目(mu),項(xiang)目(mu)落戶于大(da)(da)(da)(da)連長(chang)興島經(jing)濟(ji)開發(fa)區。2018年(nian)(nian)3月,大(da)(da)(da)(da)連兆科(ke)生(sheng)物(wu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)有限(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)啟動(dong)(dong)硼(peng)-10同位(wei)(wei)素系列(lie)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)搬(ban)遷(qian)擴建(jian)項(xiang)目(mu)的一期(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)硼(peng)-10同位(wei)(wei)素分(fen)離(li),項(xiang)目(mu)落戶于大(da)(da)(da)(da)連市(shi)普(pu)灣(wan)新區松木島化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)園區。2018年(nian)(nian)9月,遼陽鴻昊化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)股(gu)份有限(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)啟動(dong)(dong)年(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)20 t高豐(feng)度硼(peng)-10酸生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)線(xian)(xian)擴產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)項(xiang)目(mu)。

　　5 無機硼化物(wu)未來發(fa)展(zhan)趨(qu)勢

　　目前(qian)中國(guo)高(gao)品位硼(peng)(peng)(peng)資(zi)源日趨緊缺,環境保護(hu)更(geng)加(jia)(jia)嚴格,基礎(chu)(chu)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)產(chan)品市(shi)(shi)場(chang)競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)力弱。在這種(zhong)形(xing)勢(shi)下,基礎(chu)(chu)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)產(chan)品生(sheng)產(chan)企(qi)業在資(zi)源品位和市(shi)(shi)場(chang)競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)力等方面的(de)劣(lie)勢(shi)進一步凸顯(xian),淘汰落后(hou)產(chan)能勢(shi)在必然(ran)。充分利用(yong)國(guo)外進口的(de)基礎(chu)(chu)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)產(chan)品,以市(shi)(shi)場(chang)為導向,結合(he)國(guo)家重(zhong)大戰(zhan)略需求(qiu),生(sheng)產(chan)高(gao)附加(jia)(jia)值硼(peng)(peng)(peng)產(chan)品和含(han)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)材料是今后(hou)的(de)發展(zhan)趨勢(shi)。以下一些硼(peng)(peng)(peng)精(jing)細(xi)化學品及含(han)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)材料不僅附加(jia)(jia)值高(gao),而且與國(guo)家重(zhong)大戰(zhan)略需求(qiu)相契合(he),可作為今后(hou)的(de)重(zhong)點發展(zhan)方向。

　　5.1 含(han)硼(peng)導熱及耐高溫材料(liao)

　　氮化(hua)硼等層(ceng)狀化(hua)學品具(ju)有(you)導(dao)熱(re)系(xi)數(shu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)等特(te)性(xing),在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)產品散熱(re)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)領域中有(you)重要(yao)應用(yong)。采用(yong)機械剝(bo)離的(de)(de)方法將片(pian)層(ceng)狀氮化(hua)硼剝(bo)離成高(gao)(gao)(gao)質量單(dan)層(ceng)氮化(hua)硼,其(qi)導(dao)熱(re)性(xing)能可(ke)媲美石墨,可(ke)極大(da)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)產品散熱(re)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)導(dao)熱(re)性(xing)能[26]。此(ci)外,砷化(hua)硼(BAs)被(bei)證實比氮化(hua)硼具(ju)有(you)更高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)導(dao)熱(re)系(xi)數(shu),因此(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)導(dao)熱(re)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)領域有(you)潛在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)應用(yong)前景[27]。宇(yu)宙飛船(chuan)、人造衛星、火箭(jian)、導(dao)彈、超(chao)音(yin)(yin)速飛機等由于其(qi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)推力、高(gao)(gao)(gao)速度、遠距(ju)離運行的(de)(de)特(te)點,對材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)抗高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)能提(ti)出(chu)了(le)更高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)要(yao)求,如火箭(jian)鼻(bi)錐(zhui)、超(chao)音(yin)(yin)速飛機機翼(yi)前沿需(xu)要(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)2 000~2 400 ℃高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)中性(xing)或氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)環境下工作。TiB2、ZrB2、HfB2等硼化(hua)物超(chao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)陶瓷因具(ju)有(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)熔(rong)點、高(gao)(gao)(gao)導(dao)熱(re)性(xing)以及(ji)良好的(de)(de)化(hua)學穩定性(xing)、優異(yi)的(de)(de)抗高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)性(xing)能,被(bei)廣(guang)泛運用(yong)于航空航天等超(chao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)領域[28]。

　　5.2 含硼(peng)新能源材料

　　用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)核聚變(bian)磁體的(de)(de)低(di)中子(zi)活(huo)性Mg11B2超(chao)導體可(ke)(ke)替代NbTi超(chao)導體用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)下一代聚變(bian)反應(ying)器(qi)[29]。熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是各種戰術武(wu)(wu)器(qi)、戰略武(wu)(wu)器(qi)以及核武(wu)(wu)器(qi)的(de)(de)優(you)選(xuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源,具有激活(huo)快、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)密(mi)度(du)大、脈沖(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力強、儲存壽命長(chang)、使用(yong)(yong)(yong)溫度(du)廣(guang)、結構緊湊、工藝簡單、造價低(di)廉、不需(xu)維護等優(you)良特(te)點,是理想的(de)(de)軍用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。高(gao)純單質硼(peng)(peng)(99%以上)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)鋰(li)系熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)陽極材(cai)料(liao)(liao)鋰(li)硼(peng)(peng)合金的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)造,也可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)固體火(huo)箭等沖(chong)壓發動(dong)機的(de)(de)高(gao)能(neng)富燃料(liao)(liao)推進(jin)劑,對軍工裝備升級至關重(zhong)要(yao)[30]。具有良好熱穩定性和電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學穩定性的(de)(de)二氟草(cao)酸(suan)硼(peng)(peng)酸(suan)鋰(li)是鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)組成(cheng)材(cai)料(liao)(liao),今后在(zai)動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)領(ling)域應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)前景廣(guang)闊[31]。在(zai)核反應(ying)堆中大量使用(yong)(yong)(yong)含硼(peng)(peng)材(cai)料(liao)(liao),如富10B同位素的(de)(de)碳化(hua)硼(peng)(peng)屏蔽材(cai)料(liao)(liao)和控制(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao),可(ke)(ke)使核反應(ying)堆走向小型化(hua)。

　　5.3 含硼催化材料

　　六(liu)方(fang)氮(dan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)(peng)、元素硼(peng)(peng)和氮(dan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)(peng)納米管可(ke)以(yi)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)烷烴氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)脫(tuo)(tuo)氫反(fan)應(ying)(ying),與傳統蒸汽(qi)裂解法比較可(ke)降低(di)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)溫度約300 ℃[32];在(zai)介孔二氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硅上(shang)負載氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)(peng)作為丙(bing)烷的氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)脫(tuo)(tuo)氫反(fan)應(ying)(ying)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)具有高選(xuan)擇性(xing)[33]。在(zai)乙苯(ben)(EB)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)脫(tuo)(tuo)氫制(zhi)苯(ben)乙烯過程中(zhong),采用(yong)硝酸(suan)鋁(lv)和硼(peng)(peng)酸(suan)或利用(yong)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鋁(lv)和硼(peng)(peng)酸(suan)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)制(zhi)備鋁(lv)-硼(peng)(peng)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji),當EB轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)率為50%時,在(zai)Al-B SG催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)上(shang)苯(ben)乙烯選(xuan)擇性(xing)為84%[34]。最(zui)常用(yong)的燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)極催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)是(shi)碳(tan)載鉑(bo)基(ji)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(Pt/C),但(dan)由于Pt/C穩(wen)定性(xing)較差、成(cheng)本(ben)高,使燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池的規(gui)模化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)受到限(xian)制(zhi)。共價型碳(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物碳(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)硼(peng)(peng)具有極強的共價鍵,其物化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)穩(wen)定性(xing)優異,是(shi)制(zhi)備高穩(wen)定性(xing)、低(di)成(cheng)本(ben)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)的重要基(ji)礎材料(liao)(liao)[35]。

　　5.4 其(qi)他含硼材料

　　三硼(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)鋰(li)(LiB3O5,LBO)或(huo)偏硼(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)鋇(β-BaB2O4,BBO)等是紫外激光器中(zhong)實現高功率(lv)、高重(zhong)復(fu)頻率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)光學(xue)晶(jing)體(ti)功能材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)[36]。針鐵(tie)礦摻雜硼(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)鋰(li)玻璃具有良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)伽(jia)馬(ma)射(she)線(xian)和(he)(he)中(zhong)子(zi)輻射(she)屏(ping)蔽(bi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong),可(ke)作(zuo)為良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)防輻射(she)屏(ping)蔽(bi)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)[37]。硼(peng)(peng)(peng)化物(wu)陶(tao)瓷因為具有高硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)、耐(nai)(nai)磨(mo)損、耐(nai)(nai)腐蝕(shi)以(yi)(yi)及抗高溫氧(yang)化等特(te)點,可(ke)作(zuo)為材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)表面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)涂層(ceng)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao),應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)較(jiao)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)有二(er)元(yuan)(CrB2)、三元(yuan)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)化物(wu)以(yi)(yi)及多元(yuan)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)化物(wu)等[38],如高耐(nai)(nai)磨(mo)性(xing)(xing)Mo2FeB2、高耐(nai)(nai)蝕(shi)性(xing)(xing)Mo2NiB2以(yi)(yi)及高溫性(xing)(xing)能優(you)(you)良的(de)(de)(de)(de)WCoB等涂層(ceng)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao),適合應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)到海洋(yang)航天(tian)、動力工(gong)程、氣(qi)(qi)/油(you)運(yun)輸(shu)、裝甲/結(jie)構工(gong)程材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)等領域。晶(jing)體(ti)FeB粉末具有優(you)(you)異(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、抗磨(mo)、耐(nai)(nai)蝕(shi)、抗氧(yang)化等性(xing)(xing)質(zhi),可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)作(zuo)汽(qi)車(che)等耐(nai)(nai)磨(mo)件表面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)涂層(ceng)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao),其磁性(xing)(xing)納米粒子(zi)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)生物(wu)醫學(xue)領域,還可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)油(you)氣(qi)(qi)精練工(gong)業中(zhong)某些化學(xue)反應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)脫氧(yang)劑[39]。稀土元(yuan)素特(te)殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)4f軌(gui)道和(he)(he)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)元(yuan)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺電(dian)子(zi)特(te)性(xing)(xing),使具有獨(du)特(te)籠狀(zhuang)結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)稀土硼(peng)(peng)(peng)化物(wu)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)表現出很多優(you)(you)異(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi),可(ke)廣(guang)泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)消費電(dian)子(zi)、雷達、儀表器械(xie)、航空(kong)航天(tian)、核電(dian)等多個(ge)領域[40]。AlMgB14是一種含硼(peng)(peng)(peng)超硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao),與金剛石和(he)(he)立方(fang)氮化硼(peng)(peng)(peng)等傳統亞穩態(tai)超硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)不同,屬(shu)于(yu)平衡(heng)態(tai)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)超硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao),具有高硬(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)、低(di)密度(du)、低(di)摩擦系數、高熱穩定性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱電(dian)性(xing)(xing)能,可(ke)以(yi)(yi)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)耐(nai)(nai)磨(mo)、切削裝備、微器件和(he)(he)微電(dian)子(zi)機(ji)械(xie)裝置的(de)(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)涂層(ceng)等領域[41]。

　　6 結束語

　　中國無機(ji)(ji)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)物行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)60 a發(fa)展(zhan)歷程(cheng)表明,中國硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)過輝煌時(shi)期(qi)。近年來(lai)(lai)由(you)(you)于(yu)中國硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)資(zi)源品(pin)位低,入(ru)世(shi)后基礎(chu)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)市場(chang)(chang)競爭(zheng)力弱,硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)需要(yao)由(you)(you)基礎(chu)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)為(wei)主(zhu)向(xiang)精深加工轉型(xing)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)國家(jia)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)驅動(dong)、結(jie)(jie)構(gou)優化(hua)、產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)升(sheng)級(ji)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)環境下(xia),尋找硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)可持續發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)動(dong)力至(zhi)關(guan)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)。無機(ji)(ji)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)化(hua)物的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)和(he)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)升(sheng)級(ji)應(ying)以市場(chang)(chang)為(wei)導向(xiang),結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)國家(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)戰(zhan)略需求(qiu)(qiu),確立產(chan)(chan)(chan)、學、研、融(rong)相(xiang)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)戰(zhan)略體系,才能實現(xian)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)和(he)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin),促進行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)可持續健(jian)康發(fa)展(zhan)。新(xin)(xin)能源、新(xin)(xin)材(cai)料等高科技(ji)領域應(ying)是今(jin)后硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)方向(xiang)。“十四五”開局之際,中國硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)(zai)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)國家(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)戰(zhan)略需求(qiu)(qiu)、以創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)為(wei)驅動(dong)力、實現(xian)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)和(he)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)升(sheng)級(ji)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中可分兩步走：1)進一步加大(da)(da)科技(ji)投入(ru),力爭(zheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)“十四五”期(qi)間有(you)所(suo)突(tu)破,達(da)到以點帶面的(de)(de)作(zuo)用,為(wei)中國硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)起到引導和(he)支(zhi)撐(cheng)作(zuo)用,如硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)資(zi)源綜合(he)(he)利(li)用、高純(chun)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)粉、六方氮化(hua)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)、硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)-10酸(suan)、核級(ji)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)酸(suan)、生態硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)肥、高端(duan)碳化(hua)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)等;2)在(zai)(zai)(zai)此基礎(chu)上(shang)做一些有(you)前(qian)瞻性的(de)(de)規劃,結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)國家(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)戰(zhan)略需求(qiu)(qiu)進行必要(yao)的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)積累,保證未(wei)來(lai)(lai)硼(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)可持續發(fa)展(zhan)。

　　仲劍初, 寧桂玲.中國含(han)硼(peng)無機產(chan)品60年發展(zhan)歷(li)程及(ji)未來發展(zhan)趨勢[J].無機鹽工(gong)業, 2020, 52(10): 1-8 doi:10.11962/1006-4990.2020-0492

　　埃爾派位(wei)于山(shan)東(dong)省濰(wei)坊市安丘(qiu)市先進(jin)制造業(ye)產(chan)業(ye)園，擁有逾(yu)50000平方(fang)米的(de)機械(xie)生(sheng)產(chan)基地和現代化(hua)的(de)管(guan)理制度，自(zi)成立以來(lai)，牢記“以粉(fen)體(ti)技術開(kai)創(chuang)先進(jin)材(cai)料的(de)未來(lai)”的(de)使命，秉承“合規篤信，和合共生(sheng)”的(de)價(jia)值觀，制定了“不求(qiu)所有，但求(qiu)所用”的(de)人才戰略，與多所高等院校合作簽署“產(chan)學研”發(fa)展(zhan)計劃。

　　由(you)埃(ai)爾(er)派自主(zhu)研制的粉碎機、分級機，以及顆(ke)粒整形、包覆(fu)、修(xiu)飾等(deng)關鍵(jian)技(ji)術的突(tu)破，打破了國(guo)外技(ji)術壁(bi)壘，填補了國(guo)內行(xing)業(ye)空白，大大推進(jin)了醫(yi)藥(yao)、食品(pin)、化工、礦物、新材料、固廢處(chu)理等(deng)領(ling)域的技(ji)術進(jin)步和(he)產業(ye)升級。先后榮(rong)獲科(ke)技(ji)部“科(ke)技(ji)型中(zhong)(zhong)小企(qi)業(ye)技(ji)術創(chuang)新基金”、“山東(dong)省首批瞪羚企(qi)業(ye)”、“山東(dong)省隱形冠軍企(qi)業(ye)”、“高新技(ji)術企(qi)業(ye)”、“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)專利(li)山東(dong)明星企(qi)業(ye)”等(deng)榮(rong)譽稱號。

　　從問題咨詢到方案設計(ji)，埃(ai)爾派(pai)為(wei)客戶提供最專業(ye)的(de)解(jie)答(da)和(he)最全面(mian)的(de)解(jie)決辦法，并協助客戶擬(ni)定施工方案，為(wei)客戶提供最專業(ye)的(de)“保姆級”私人訂(ding)制(zhi)服(fu)務(wu)。埃(ai)爾派(pai)已服(fu)務(wu)超(chao)過3000家(jia)海內外客戶，銷路遍布亞、非(fei)、歐、美與大洋洲的(de)100多個國家(jia)和(he)地(di)區，歸納統計(ji)了(le)上萬種物料的(de)超(chao)微粉碎分級解(jie)決方案，贏得了(le)客戶們的(de)廣泛贊譽。

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