山東埃(ai)爾派 | 點擊(ji)量:0次(ci) | 2019-12-03
導電添加劑在鋰離子電池中的應用
一、為什么要在鋰離子(zi)電池材料中添(tian)加導電添(tian)加劑?
高(gao)性(xing)能(neng)鋰離(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)具備(bei)能(neng)量密度(du)高(gao)、比功率高(gao)、工(gong)作溫度(du)范圍寬、安(an)全(quan)性(xing)高(gao)、充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)率快(kuai)、使用(yong)壽命(ming)長(chang)、價格便宜等優點(dian)。我國在(zai)(zai)新能(neng)源“十三五”發展規劃中(zhong)明確提(ti)出(chu),到(dao)2020年,鋰離(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單體(ti)(ti)能(neng)量密度(du)≥300 Wh/kg,循環壽命(ming)≥1500次,成本≤0.8元/Wh,安(an)全(quan)性(xing)能(neng)達到(dao)國標要求。在(zai)(zai)《中(zhong)國制(zhi)造(zao)2025》明確提(ti)出(chu),2020年動力(li)鋰離(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)芯能(neng)量密度(du)期望達到(dao)350Wh/kg。為(wei)了實現(xian)上述目標,技術人員仍在(zai)(zai)不斷探索尋找高(gao)性(xing)能(neng)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)材料,優化電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)材料體(ti)(ti)系和(he)生產(chan)工(gong)藝。因此選用(yong)合適(shi)的導電(dian)(dian)(dian)添(tian)加劑對優化提(ti)升鋰離(li)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)綜(zong)合性(xing)能(neng)具有關鍵作用(yong)。
某款(kuan)三元軟包鋰離子電池材料成本分布圖
雖然(ran)導電(dian)(dian)添加劑在鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)用量很(hen)少,在材(cai)料成本中(zhong)(zhong)占比一(yi)般(ban)小于5%,但卻是(shi)鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池生產中(zhong)(zhong)不可缺少的(de)(de)關鍵材(cai)料之(zhi)一(yi),特別是(shi)在動力型(xing)鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)大電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)(zhong)具(ju)有十分重(zhong)要的(de)(de)作用。之(zhi)所以在電(dian)(dian)極(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)添加合適的(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)添加劑,最根本的(de)(de)原因(yin)就是(shi)為了改善電(dian)(dian)極(ji)活(huo)性(xing)物質導電(dian)(dian)性(xing)能較(jiao)差的(de)(de)狀況,實現提高電(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)性(xing)能、嵌鋰容量,降(jiang)低(di)電(dian)(dian)池內阻,減少極(ji)化,以提高電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)綜合性(xing)能。
二、常見導(dao)電添加劑的特性和作用機理
鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池用導(dao)電(dian)(dian)劑(ji)可以分為傳統導(dao)電(dian)(dian)添加劑(ji)(如導(dao)電(dian)(dian)石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)、導(dao)電(dian)(dian)炭(tan)黑(hei)、碳纖(xian)維等(deng))和新型導(dao)電(dian)(dian)添加劑(ji)(如碳納米管、石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)烯(xi)(xi)、復合導(dao)電(dian)(dian)漿料等(deng))。市面(mian)上常見(jian)的(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)劑(ji)有KS-6、KS-15、SFG-6、SFG-15、SPUER Li、S-O、350G、乙炔黑(hei)(AB)、科琴黑(hei)(KB)、氣相生(sheng)長碳纖(xian)維(VGCF)、碳納米管(CNT)、石(shi)(shi)墨(mo)烯(xi)(xi)等(deng)。幾種代表性的(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)添加劑(ji)關(guan)鍵性能及(ji)優(you)缺點如下表。
下(xia)面(mian),分別(bie)介紹這幾種(zhong)導電添加(jia)劑的特性和(he)作用機(ji)理。
1、導電石墨
導電石墨
導電(dian)石墨(mo)基本為人造石墨(mo),其粒(li)徑接近正極活性物質(zhi)的(de)(de)粒(li)徑。用在負極中(zhong),不僅可以提(ti)高(gao)電(dian)極的(de)(de)導電(dian)性,而且可以提(ti)高(gao)負極的(de)(de)容量(liang)。市面上常見石墨(mo)導電(dian)劑有(you)KS-6、KS-15、SFG-6、SFG-15等。
導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)石(shi)墨(mo)(mo)的(de)粒徑(jing)一(yi)般為3-6μm,與(yu)活性物質的(de)粒徑(jing)相當,與(yu)負極(ji)材(cai)料人造(zao)石(shi)墨(mo)(mo)相比,孔隙(xi)度及比表(biao)面積(ji)更高(gao),具有(you)較好(hao)的(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)性能。顆粒之間點接觸,可以(yi)(yi)構成一(yi)定的(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)網絡結構,有(you)利于改善極(ji)片(pian)顆粒的(de)壓(ya)實以(yi)(yi)及提高(gao)離(li)子(zi)和電(dian)子(zi)的(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)率(lv)。同時,導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)石(shi)墨(mo)(mo)具有(you)更好(hao)的(de)壓(ya)縮性和分散性,可以(yi)(yi)提高(gao)電(dian)池的(de)體積(ji)能量(liang)密度,改善極(ji)片(pian)的(de)工(gong)藝特性。在實際使用中,導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)石(shi)墨(mo)(mo)一(yi)般配合導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)炭黑使用。
2、導電炭黑
導電炭黑
導(dao)電(dian)炭(tan)黑的粒徑(jing)一般(ban)在(zai)30nm左右,比表面積(ji)大(da),導(dao)電(dian)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)好,吸液(ye)、保(bao)液(ye)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)強,但(dan)具有較(jiao)強的吸油性(xing)(xing),分散性(xing)(xing)能(neng)差。在(zai)實際生產中,需(xu)要通過改善(shan)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物質、導(dao)電(dian)劑的混料工藝來提(ti)高其分散性(xing)(xing)。炭(tan)黑含量(liang)需(xu)控制在(zai)一定范圍內,通常是1.5%以下(xia),可與導(dao)電(dian)石墨搭(da)配使用起(qi)到更好的功效。
3、碳纖維
碳纖維
導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)具(ju)有(you)線性(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)構,直徑一般在100nm左(zuo)右,長度一般達(da)到(dao)(dao)幾μm到(dao)(dao)幾十μm,長徑比較大,具(ju)有(you)較高(gao)的(de)彎曲(qu)模量和(he)較低(di)的(de)熱膨脹系數,添(tian)加(jia)到(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)材料中可以提高(gao)極(ji)片的(de)柔韌性(xing)(xing)和(he)機械穩定性(xing)(xing)。線性(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)構的(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)與(yu)活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)接觸形(xing)式為點線接觸,碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)起到(dao)(dao)了(le)“導(dao)(dao)線”的(de)作(zuo)用(yong),活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)顆粒之(zhi)間(jian)形(xing)成大量的(de)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)接觸位點,在電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)中容易(yi)形(xing)成良好的(de)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)絡,表現出較好的(de)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)。碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)良好的(de)導(dao)(dao)熱性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)有(you)助于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)時的(de)散熱,從而減輕電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)極(ji)化(hua),降(jiang)低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內阻及改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)池高(gao)低(di)溫和(he)循環(huan)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。同時,使(shi)用(yong)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)作(zuo)為導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)添(tian)加(jia)劑,還能(neng)(neng)降(jiang)低(di)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)添(tian)加(jia)劑的(de)用(yong)量,有(you)利(li)于提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量。但是,由于碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)直徑小、長徑比大,在范德(de)華力(van der Waals force)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)下,極(ji)易(yi)發生團聚,影響其導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)果。
4、碳納米管
碳納米管
碳(tan)納米管(guan)可以分為單壁碳(tan)納米管(guan)(SWCNT)和多壁碳(tan)納米管(guan)(MWCNT)。SWCNT的(de)管(guan)徑為0.75-3nm,長度為1-50μm。MWCNT的(de)管(guan)徑為2-30nm,長度為0.1-50μm,層(ceng)數(shu)2-50層(ceng)。利用(yong)碳(tan)納米管(guan)作(zuo)為導電(dian)添(tian)加(jia)劑與碳(tan)纖維的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)相似。碳(tan)納米管(guan)難以分散的(de)問題是影響其在實際(ji)應(ying)用(yong)中(zhong)的(de)重要課題,目(mu)前可以通過高速(su)剪切、添(tian)加(jia)分散劑、做成分散漿料(liao)、超細磨珠靜電(dian)分散等工藝解決。
5、石墨烯
石墨烯
石(shi)墨(mo)(mo)烯(xi)既輕又薄,作為(wei)新型(xing)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑(ji)(ji),能(neng)夠完(wan)美解(jie)決添(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)量(liang)與高(gao)(gao)能(neng)量(liang)密度(du)之間的(de)(de)(de)矛(mao)盾。由于石(shi)墨(mo)(mo)烯(xi)具(ju)有(you)獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)片(pian)狀結構,與活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物質的(de)(de)(de)接觸為(wei)點面接觸而(er)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)常(chang)規的(de)(de)(de)點點接觸或(huo)點線接觸形式,這樣就可以最大(da)(da)化發揮導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)作用,還能(neng)減少(shao)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)用量(liang),從(cong)而(er)可以提(ti)(ti)(ti)升活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物質的(de)(de)(de)用量(liang),提(ti)(ti)(ti)升鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量(liang)。石(shi)墨(mo)(mo)烯(xi)具(ju)有(you)很高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng),有(you)利(li)于改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng),從(cong)而(er)提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)循環性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)和倍率性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)。而(er)且具(ju)有(you)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)熱(re)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng),有(you)利(li)于改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)傳導(dao)(dao),提(ti)(ti)(ti)升電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)安全性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)。此(ci)外(wai)其(qi)優秀的(de)(de)(de)力(li)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng),非(fei)常(chang)有(you)利(li)于提(ti)(ti)(ti)升電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極的(de)(de)(de)壓實密度(du)。但是(shi)(shi),石(shi)墨(mo)(mo)烯(xi)作為(wei)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)劑(ji)(ji)也存在(zai)(zai)幾個問題需要(yao)解(jie)決。一是(shi)(shi)離(li)子(zi)位阻效應,石(shi)墨(mo)(mo)烯(xi)的(de)(de)(de)片(pian)層結構對離(li)子(zi)運輸具(ju)有(you)阻礙作用,尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)容量(liang)大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)應用中體現得更加(jia)(jia)(jia)明顯。二是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)物質中分散困(kun)難(nan),易(yi)沉降。三是(shi)(shi)成(cheng)本較高(gao)(gao),不(bu)利(li)于降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)生(sheng)產成(cheng)本。
6、復合導電添加劑
復合(he)(he)導(dao)電(dian)添(tian)加(jia)劑(ji)是將導(dao)電(dian)石(shi)墨(mo)、導(dao)電(dian)炭(tan)黑、碳(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)、碳(tan)納米(mi)管(guan)、石(shi)墨(mo)烯(xi)這幾(ji)種導(dao)電(dian)添(tian)加(jia)劑(ji)按(an)性(xing)能(neng)互補原則(ze)進(jin)行組(zu)合(he)(he)形成二元、三元或多元的(de)(de)(de)復合(he)(he)添(tian)加(jia)劑(ji)。由前述可知,沒有任何(he)一種導(dao)電(dian)添(tian)加(jia)劑(ji)能(neng)夠完美滿足(zu)鋰離子電(dian)池性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)全部要求,因此,技術(shu)人員希望將不同種類的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)添(tian)加(jia)劑(ji)按(an)一定比例進(jin)行混合(he)(he)使用,希望起到1+1>2的(de)(de)(de)效果(guo)。比如(ru),研發人員在硅碳(tan)電(dian)池體系中加(jia)入導(dao)電(dian)炭(tan)黑與(yu)碳(tan)納米(mi)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)復合(he)(he)導(dao)電(dian)添(tian)加(jia)劑(ji),導(dao)電(dian)炭(tan)黑很(hen)好(hao)地發揮了吸液、保液效能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)同時,碳(tan)納米(mi)管(guan)很(hen)好(hao)地發揮了提升導(dao)電(dian)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)效能(neng),從而提升了電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)循(xun)環(huan)性(xing)能(neng)。
三、如何選用(yong)合適的導電(dian)添加劑(ji)
不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)添加劑有各自(zi)不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)形(xing)態和性能(neng)特點,在(zai)選擇導(dao)電(dian)添加劑的(de)(de)時候,我們(men)需要綜合(he)考慮電(dian)池的(de)(de)化(hua)學體系、能(neng)量密度、倍(bei)率性能(neng)、循(xun)環(huan)性能(neng)、生產(chan)成本等需求因(yin)素(su)。同(tong)(tong)時,采用合(he)理的(de)(de)勻(yun)漿工藝,確保漿料穩定性以及導(dao)電(dian)添加劑均勻(yun)地(di)分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)電(dian)極活(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)表面,從(cong)而(er)最大程度發揮出導(dao)電(dian)添加劑對鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)池性能(neng)的(de)(de)改善和優化(hua)效(xiao)能(neng)。
上一篇: 高純超細氧化鋁在鋰離子電池行業中的應用
下一篇: 分散劑對陶瓷墨水性能的影響