作為中華民族的國寶之一.中醫藥在治療預防疾病和保健養生方面有著數千年悠久的歷史.為廣大人民群眾的健康做出了巨大的貢獻傳統中藥加工因野生藥材資源枯竭、藥物使用劑量大、藥劑不便于攜帶等缺陷.已不能滿足中藥現代化發展的需求。因此，減少藥材使用量，開發新劑型，提高中藥生物利用度已成為中藥發展的重要方向.通過改進原藥材前處理的粉碎方式成為一個有效途徑。常規粉碎只能得到粒徑約45m的普通粉，而目前日益興起的超微粉碎技術則能將中藥粉碎至(zhi)110m，且所得到的(de)(de)超微粉體具備良好的(de)(de)物(wu)理(li)和(he)生物(wu)特性.為中(zhong)藥行業的(de)(de)發展注入了新的(de)(de)科技(ji)力量就中(zhong)藥超微粉碎技(ji)術的(de)(de)原理(li)方法及其在單味(wei)藥和(he)復方制劑(ji)生產中(zhong)的(de)(de)應用現狀做一簡單綜述。

　　超微粉碎技術是20世紀80年代興起的一項物料粉碎新技術.主要利用機械或流體動力的方法，實現對物料的剪切、碰撞、沖擊、研磨等作用，將粒度為0.5～5mm的固體原料粉碎成直徑小于10m，甚至1m的超細粉體『11目前常用的超微粉碎設備按其原理可分為機械式和氣流式機械式設備依靠研磨所產生的剪切力做功.粉碎比大，適用于中、軟硬度物料的粉碎;氣流式設備則以高速氣流作為載體，造成顆粒間或顆粒與機械間的碰撞、摩擦作用.達到粉碎的目的.因粉碎過程溫升低，氣流粉碎機多(duo)(duo)用(yong)于熱敏(min)性(xing)(xing)和低熔點中藥材(cai)的(de)超微(wei)粉(fen)(fen)碎(sui)翻。超微(wei)粉(fen)(fen)碎(sui)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中，顆(ke)粒粒度發(fa)生巨大變(bian)化(hua)，物料(liao)實現(xian)從宏觀物體(ti)(ti)(ti)向微(wei)觀粒子(zi)的(de)過(guo)(guo)渡(du).所(suo)得的(de)超微(wei)粉(fen)(fen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)具備多(duo)(duo)種特(te)殊的(de)物化(hua)性(xing)(xing)質.例(li)如良(liang)好的(de)溶解(jie)性(xing)(xing)、分散性(xing)(xing)和流(liu)動性(xing)(xing)，獨(du)特(te)的(de)光電性(xing)(xing)能(neng)等(deng)131。總之，超微(wei)粉(fen)(fen)碎(sui)技術因其作用(yong)時間短.可實現(xian)低溫操作.且所(suo)得粉(fen)(fen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)具備優良(liang)特(te)性(xing)(xing)等(deng)優點.已廣(guang)泛應用(yong)于食(shi)品(pin)(pin)、化(hua)妝品(pin)(pin)、航空、農業(ye)(ye)等(deng)眾多(duo)(duo)行業(ye)(ye)，發(fa)展(zhan)前景良(liang)好。

　　中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)超微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)粉(fen)(fen)碎(sui)(sui)(sui)目(mu)前(qian)(qian)，我(wo)國可(ke)(ke)(ke)供中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫入(ru)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)植物(wu)(wu)、動物(wu)(wu)已多(duo)達上萬(wan)種.其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)占絕(jue)大(da)(da)(da)比例【4j由于(yu)植物(wu)(wu)源(yuan)和(he)動物(wu)(wu)源(yuan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材的(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)布于(yu)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)內(nei)和(he)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)間(jian)質，尤以(yi)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)內(nei)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，因此(ci).如何最大(da)(da)(da)限(xian)度釋放藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材活性(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)即涉(she)及(ji)到(dao)(dao)破(po)壞細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)壁的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題傳統的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)(ti)取(qu)方法(fa)(fa)例如溶劑(ji)提(ti)(ti)(ti)取(qu)法(fa)(fa)、升(sheng)華法(fa)(fa)、蒸餾(liu)法(fa)(fa)等，雖操作簡便。可(ke)(ke)(ke)部分(fen)提(ti)(ti)(ti)取(qu)有效(xiao)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen).但在溶質的(de)(de)(de)擴(kuo)散過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，需要(yao)突(tu)破(po)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)壁和(he)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)膜的(de)(de)(de)障(zhang)礙.故(gu)(gu)提(ti)(ti)(ti)取(qu)率較(jiao)低I5】。另(ling)外.常規的(de)(de)(de)粉(fen)(fen)碎(sui)(sui)(sui)方式(shi)也只能破(po)壞胞(bao)(bao)問(wen)層.所得粉(fen)(fen)體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)仍(reng)有完(wan)整細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)存在，提(ti)(ti)(ti)取(qu)效(xiao)果(guo)不佳。因此(ci)。以(yi)破(po)壞中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)壁為(wei)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de).將超微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)粉(fen)(fen)碎(sui)(sui)(sui)技術(shu)引入(ru)到(dao)(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)行業.成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)目(mu)前(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)研究熱(re)點。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)超微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)粉(fen)(fen)碎(sui)(sui)(sui)是現代粉(fen)(fen)體(ti)技術(shu)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)行業的(de)(de)(de)合理(li)應用(yong).可(ke)(ke)(ke)分(fen)別將中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)取(qu)物(wu)(wu)和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制劑(ji)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)粉(fen)(fen)化，在短時(shi)間(jian)內(nei)快(kuai)速(su)(su)得到(dao)(dao)粒(li)徑小(xiao)且分(fen)布均勻(yun)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)粉(fen)(fen)或(huo)超微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)粉(fen)(fen)。由于(yu)該技術(shu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)獲得大(da)(da)(da)于(yu)95%的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)破(po)壁率.能使細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)活性(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)大(da)(da)(da)幅度快(kuai)速(su)(su)釋放.故(gu)(gu)提(ti)(ti)(ti)取(qu)率大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)提(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)。目(mu)前(qian)(qian).關于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)超微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)粉(fen)(fen)碎(sui)(sui)(sui)的(de)(de)(de)界定和(he)闡述不統一.但普(pu)遍認為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)超微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)粉(fen)(fen)碎(sui)(sui)(sui)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)指中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)級(ji)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)粉(fen)(fen)碎(sui)(sui)(sui).所得的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)粉(fen)(fen)又被稱為(wei)“細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)級(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)粉(fen)(fen)”，其粒(li)徑范圍(wei)為(wei)0.1～75m，粒(li)度分(fen)布中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)直(zhi)徑為(wei)10～15mI。

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