纖(xian)(xian)維素(cellulose)是由葡萄(tao)糖組成的(de)大分子多糖。不溶于(yu)水及一般(ban)有機(ji)溶劑。是植物細胞壁的(de)主要(yao)成分。纖(xian)(xian)維素是自(zi)然(ran)界中分布(bu)最(zui)廣、含量(liang)最(zui)多的(de)一種多糖，占植物界碳含量(liang)的(de)50%以上。棉花(hua)的(de)纖(xian)(xian)維素含量(liang)接近100%，為天然(ran)的(de)最(zui)純纖(xian)(xian)維素來源。一般(ban)木(mu)材中，纖(xian)(xian)維素占40～50%，還有10～30%的(de)半纖(xian)(xian)維素和(he)20～30%的(de)木(mu)質素。

　　纖維(wei)素(su)(su)(cellulose)是由葡(pu)萄糖(tang)組成的大分子多(duo)糖(tang)。不溶(rong)于水及一般有(you)機溶(rong)劑。是植物細胞壁的主要成分。纖維(wei)素(su)(su)是自然界中(zhong)分布最(zui)廣(guang)、含量(liang)最(zui)多(duo)的一種多(duo)糖(tang)，占(zhan)植物界碳含量(liang)的50%以上。棉花的纖維(wei)素(su)(su)含量(liang)接近(jin)100%，為天然的最(zui)純纖維(wei)素(su)(su)來源。一般木材中(zhong)，纖維(wei)素(su)(su)占(zhan)40～50%，還(huan)有(you)10～30%的半纖維(wei)素(su)(su)和20～30%的木質(zhi)素(su)(su)。

　　纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)素是植物(wu)(wu)(wu)細胞壁(bi)的(de)主要(yao)結構成分，通常與半纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)素、果膠和木質(zhi)素結合(he)在(zai)一(yi)起(qi)，其結合(he)方式和程度對植物(wu)(wu)(wu)源食品的(de)質(zhi)地影響(xiang)很大。而植物(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)成熟(shu)和后熟(shu)時質(zhi)地的(de)變(bian)化則由果膠物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)發生變(bian)化引起(qi)的(de)。人(ren)體消化道內不存在(zai)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)素酶，纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)素是一(yi)種重要(yao)的(de)膳食纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)。自然界中分布最廣、含量最多的(de)一(yi)種多糖。

物料性質

　　溶解性

　　常(chang)溫下，纖維(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)既不溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)于水，又(you)不溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)于一般(ban)的(de)有(you)機溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)劑，如酒精(jing)、乙醚、丙酮、苯(ben)等。它(ta)也不溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)于稀堿溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液中。因此，在常(chang)溫下，它(ta)是(shi)比較穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)，這是(shi)因為纖維(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)分子之(zhi)間存(cun)在氫鍵(jian)。纖維(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)不溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)于水和乙醇、乙醚等有(you)機溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)劑，能溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)于銅氨Cu(NH3)4(OH)2溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液和銅乙二胺[NH2CH2CH2NH2]Cu(OH)2溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)液等。

　　纖維素水解

　　在(zai)一定(ding)條件下(xia)，纖維素(su)與(yu)水發生反應(ying)。反應(ying)時(shi)氧橋斷(duan)(duan)裂，同時(shi)水分(fen)(fen)子(zi)加入，纖維素(su)由(you)長鏈分(fen)(fen)子(zi)變成(cheng)短鏈分(fen)(fen)子(zi)，直至(zhi)氧橋全(quan)部斷(duan)(duan)裂，變成(cheng)葡萄(tao)糖。

　　纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)與(yu)氧化劑發生(sheng)化學(xue)反(fan)應(ying)，生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)系列與(yu)原來纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)結構不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質，這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)應(ying)過程，稱為(wei)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)氧化。(引自郭莉珠檔案(an)保護技術(shu))纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)大分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基環是D-葡萄(tao)(tao)(tao)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)以β-1，4糖(tang)(tang)(tang)苷鍵組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子多糖(tang)(tang)(tang)，其化學(xue)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)含(han)(han)碳44.44%、氫6.17%、氧49.39%。由(you)于來源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同，纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子中(zhong)葡萄(tao)(tao)(tao)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)殘基的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數目(mu)，即聚合度(DP)在(zai)很(hen)寬(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍。是維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)管束植物(wu)(wu)(wu)、地衣植物(wu)(wu)(wu)以及(ji)一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)藻類(lei)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)壁(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。醋(cu)酸菌(Acetobaeter)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)莢膜，以及(ji)尾索(suo)類(lei)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)被(bei)囊中(zhong)也發現有纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)，棉花是高純度(98%)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)。所謂α-纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)(α-cellulose)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)名稱系指從原來細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)壁(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完全纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)標準(zhun)樣(yang)(yang)品用(yong)(yong)17.5%NaOH不(bu)能提(ti)取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。β-纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)(β-cellulose)、γ-纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)(γ-cellulose)是相應(ying)于半纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)。雖(sui)然(ran)，α-纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)通常大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)是結晶性(xing)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)，β-纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)，γ-纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)在(zai)化學(xue)上除含(han)(han)有纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)以外，還含(han)(han)有各種多糖(tang)(tang)(tang)類(lei)。細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)壁(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)微(wei)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。寬(kuan)度為(wei)10-30毫(hao)微(wei)米(mi)，長度有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)達(da)數微(wei)米(mi)。應(ying)用(yong)(yong)X線衍射和負染(ran)色法(fa)(negative染(ran)色法(fa))，根據電子顯微(wei)鏡(jing)觀察(cha)，鏈(lian)狀分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子平(ping)行排列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結晶性(xing)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)寬(kuan)為(wei)3-4毫(hao)微(wei)米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)微(wei)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。推測這(zhe)些基本(ben)微(wei)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)集合起來就(jiu)(jiu)構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了微(wei)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)能溶(rong)(rong)于Schwitzer試劑或濃硫(liu)酸。雖(sui)然(ran)不(bu)易(yi)用(yong)(yong)酸水(shui)解(jie)，但是稀酸或纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)酶(mei)可(ke)使纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)D-葡萄(tao)(tao)(tao)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)、纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)二糖(tang)(tang)(tang)和寡糖(tang)(tang)(tang)。在(zai)醋(cu)酸菌中(zhong)有從UDP葡萄(tao)(tao)(tao)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)引子(primer)轉(zhuan)移糖(tang)(tang)(tang)苷合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)酶(mei)(cellulose synthase(UDPformingEC2.4.1.12)。在(zai)高等植物(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)已得到具有同樣(yang)(yang)活性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顆粒性(xing)酶(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)樣(yang)(yang)品。此酶(mei)通常是利(li)用(yong)(yong)GDP葡萄(tao)(tao)(tao)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(cellulose synthase(GDP forming) EC2.4.1.29)，在(zai)由(you)UDP葡萄(tao)(tao)(tao)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)轉(zhuan)移的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下，發生(sheng)β-1，3鍵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混合。微(wei)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)場所和控制(zhi)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)排列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)制(zhi)還不(bu)太明瞭。另一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)就(jiu)(jiu)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)解(jie)而(er)言，估計在(zai)初生(sheng)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)壁(bi)伸(shen)展生(sheng)長時，微(wei)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)由(you)于纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)(su)酶(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)而(er)被(bei)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)解(jie)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)可(ke)溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)。

　　水(shui)可使纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)發生(sheng)有限(xian)溶脹(zhang)，某些酸、堿和鹽的水(shui)溶液可滲入纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)結晶區，產(chan)生(sheng)無限(xian)溶脹(zhang)，使纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)溶解。纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)加熱到約150℃時不發生(sheng)顯著變化(hua) ，超過(guo)這溫度(du)會由(you)于脫水(shui)而逐漸焦(jiao)化(hua)。纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)與(yu)較濃(nong)的無機(ji)酸起水(shui)解作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)成(cheng)葡(pu)萄糖等(deng)，與(yu)較濃(nong)的苛性堿溶液作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)成(cheng)堿纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)，與(yu)強氧化(hua)劑(ji)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)成(cheng)氧化(hua)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)素(su)(su)。

　　柔順性

　　纖維素柔順性(xing)很差，是剛性(xing)的(de)，因為：

　　(1)纖維素分子有極性，分子鏈之間相互作用力很強(qiang);

　　(2)纖維素(su)中的六元(yuan)吡(bi)喃(nan)環結(jie)構致使內旋轉困難;

　　(3)纖維素(su)分(fen)子內和(he)分(fen)子間都(dou)能(neng)形成氫鍵特別是分(fen)子內氫鍵致(zhi)使糖苷鍵不能(neng)旋轉(zhuan)從(cong)而使其剛性大(da)大(da)增加。

物料作用

　　纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)素(su)是(shi)地球上最(zui)古老(lao)、最(zui)豐富的(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)高分(fen)子(zi)，是(shi)取之(zhi)不盡用之(zhi)不竭(jie)的(de)(de)，人類最(zui)寶貴(gui)的(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)可再生(sheng)資源。纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)素(su)化(hua)學(xue)與工(gong)業始于一(yi)百六十多年前，是(shi)高分(fen)子(zi)化(hua)學(xue)誕生(sheng)及發展(zhan)時(shi)期的(de)(de)主(zhu)要研究對象，纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)素(su)及其衍(yan)生(sheng)物(wu)的(de)(de)研究成果為高分(fen)子(zi)物(wu)理(li)及化(hua)學(xue)學(xue)科的(de)(de)創立、發展(zhan)和豐富作(zuo)出(chu)了重大貢獻(xian)。

　　生理作用

　　人體內(nei)沒有β-糖(tang)苷酶，不(bu)能(neng)對纖(xian)維素(su)進行分解與利用(yong)，但纖(xian)維素(su)卻(que)具有吸(xi)附大(da)量(liang)水分，增加糞(fen)便量(liang)，促(cu)進腸(chang)蠕(ru)動(dong)，加快糞(fen)便的排(pai)泄(xie)，使致癌(ai)物質在腸(chang)道內(nei)的停留時間縮短(duan)，對腸(chang)道的不(bu)良刺激減(jian)少的作用(yong)，從而可以預(yu)防(fang)腸(chang)癌(ai)發生。

　　膳食纖維

　　人(ren)類(lei)膳食(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)纖(xian)維素(su)主要含于蔬菜和(he)粗加工的(de)(de)谷類(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)，雖然不能被消化吸(xi)收(shou)，但有促進腸道(dao)(dao)蠕動，利于糞便排出(chu)等功能。草(cao)食(shi)動物(wu)(wu)則依賴其消化道(dao)(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)共生微生物(wu)(wu)將纖(xian)維素(su)分(fen)解，從(cong)而得以(yi)吸(xi)收(shou)利用。食(shi)物(wu)(wu)纖(xian)維素(su)包括粗纖(xian)維、半粗纖(xian)維和(he)木質(zhi)素(su)。食(shi)物(wu)(wu)纖(xian)維素(su)是一種不被消化吸(xi)收(shou)的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)，過去認(ren)為是“廢(fei)物(wu)(wu)”，2013年認(ren)為它(ta)在保(bao)障人(ren)類(lei)健康，延(yan)長生命(ming)方面(mian)有著重(zhong)要作用。因此，稱它(ta)為第七種營養素(su)。

　　埃爾派(pai)位(wei)于山東省濰坊(fang)市(shi)安丘市(shi)先進(jin)制造業(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)園，擁(yong)有(you)逾50000平方米的機械生產(chan)(chan)基地和(he)現代(dai)化的管理制度(du)，自成立以(yi)來(lai)，牢(lao)記“以(yi)粉(fen)體(ti)技術開(kai)創先進(jin)材料的未來(lai)”的使(shi)命(ming)，秉承“合規篤信，和(he)合共生”的價值觀，制定了“不求所(suo)有(you)，但求所(suo)用”的人才戰略，與多(duo)所(suo)高等院校合作簽署“產(chan)(chan)學研”發展計劃。

　　由(you)埃爾派自主研制的(de)粉碎機、分(fen)級機，以及顆粒(li)整形、包覆、修飾(shi)等(deng)關鍵(jian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)突破，打破了國(guo)外技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)壁壘，填補(bu)了國(guo)內行業空白，大大推進了醫藥、食品、化(hua)工、礦物、新(xin)材料、固廢處(chu)理等(deng)領域的(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)進步和(he)產(chan)業升(sheng)級。先后榮(rong)獲科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)部(bu)“科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)型中小企(qi)業技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)創新(xin)基金”、“山東省(sheng)首批瞪羚企(qi)業”、“山東省(sheng)隱形冠軍(jun)企(qi)業”、“高新(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)企(qi)業”、“中國(guo)專利(li)山東明星企(qi)業”等(deng)榮(rong)譽稱號。

　　從問題咨詢到方(fang)案設(she)計，埃爾派為(wei)客戶提供(gong)最(zui)專(zhuan)業的(de)(de)解(jie)答和(he)最(zui)全面的(de)(de)解(jie)決辦法，并協(xie)助客戶擬(ni)定施工方(fang)案，為(wei)客戶提供(gong)最(zui)專(zhuan)業的(de)(de)“保姆級”私(si)人訂(ding)制服(fu)務(wu)。埃爾派已服(fu)務(wu)超過3000家海(hai)內外客戶，銷路遍布(bu)亞、非、歐(ou)、美與大洋洲的(de)(de)100多個(ge)國家和(he)地區(qu)，歸納統計了(le)上萬種物料的(de)(de)超微粉碎分級解(jie)決方(fang)案，贏得了(le)客戶們的(de)(de)廣泛(fan)贊譽。

　　埃爾派建造的超微粉碎的實驗室凈化間內，配備小試、中試、小生產的超微粉氣流粉碎機、粒徑檢(jian)(jian)測、粉體特性檢(jian)(jian)測相關的(de)儀器(qi)，可以(yi)精(jing)確分(fen)析不同(tong)原(yuan)料(liao)的(de)性質，提供5g-50kg批量的(de)原(yuan)料(liao)加工，豐富的(de)微粉經驗和專業(ye)的(de)粉碎設備(bei)可以(yi)大(da)幅縮短需(xu)求(qiu)方(fang)的(de)研發(fa)周期，并解決原(yuan)料(liao)微粉化過程(cheng)中遇到(dao)的(de)各種問題，歡迎有需(xu)要的(de)朋友來(lai)電垂詢!