以含不同直鏈淀粉和支鏈淀粉比例的蠟質玉米淀粉、普通玉米淀粉和高直鏈玉米淀粉為原料，利用流化床氣流粉碎機制備(bei)超微粉(fen)(fen)。將(jiang)不(bu)同水分質量分數的(de)3 種淀粉(fen)(fen)在55 ℃條(tiao)件下干燥至水分質量分數為6%左右，備(bei)用。

　　流(liu)化床(chuang)氣流(liu)粉(fen)(fen)碎系統(tong)設有3 個噴嘴(zui)，噴嘴(zui)間(jian)(jian)平面角度為120°，以潔凈壓縮空氣為粉(fen)(fen)碎工質，空氣溫度不高于(yu)45 ℃。粉(fen)(fen)碎操作參數：持(chi)料量1.0 kg;進(jin)料頻率3 Hz;粉(fen)(fen)碎工質壓力0.8 MPa，分級機(ji)轉速3 600 r/min;引風機(ji)流(liu)速15 m3/min;粉(fen)(fen)碎時間(jian)(jian)90 min。

　　淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)天然(ran)高分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)多晶聚合(he)物，由直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)和(he)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)特定三維空間結構(gou)，組成(cheng)(cheng)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)顆(ke)(ke)粒結晶區(qu)和(he)無定形(xing)區(qu)。受制于(yu)(yu)其多晶體系結構(gou)，天然(ran)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)存(cun)在不(bu)溶(rong)于(yu)(yu)冷水，成(cheng)(cheng)膜性、加工性及(ji)貯存(cun)性能差、凝(ning)膠易凝(ning)沉等缺(que)陷，不(bu)適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)現代新(xin)技術(shu)、新(xin)工藝(yi)、新(xin)產(chan)品的(de)開發應用(yong)(yong)。淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)顆(ke)(ke)粒中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)和(he)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)結構(gou)特征和(he)特性不(bu)同，如淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)顆(ke)(ke)粒中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)有助(zhu)于(yu)(yu)提高淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)溶(rong)脹(zhang)能力，直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)則起抑制作用(yong)(yong);淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)糊化(hua)(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)主(zhu)要存(cun)在于(yu)(yu)溶(rong)脹(zhang)顆(ke)(ke)粒中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，而部分(fen)(fen)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)游離到顆(ke)(ke)粒外部形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)連續膠體相。同種(zhong)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)含(han)(han)量不(bu)同使(shi)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)結構(gou)和(he)組成(cheng)(cheng)發生變化(hua)(hua)，產(chan)生個體差異。玉(yu)(yu)米淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)具有較(jiao)優的(de)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)和(he)較(jiao)廣(guang)的(de)應用(yong)(yong)領域，純度達(da)99.5%，依據其組成(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)和(he)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)含(han)(han)量差異，可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)蠟質(zhi)(zhi)玉(yu)(yu)米淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、普(pu)通玉(yu)(yu)米淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)和(he)高直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)玉(yu)(yu)米淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)3種(zhong)常見(jian)類型。蠟質(zhi)(zhi)玉(yu)(yu)米淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)幾乎(hu)不(bu)含(han)(han)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)，普(pu)通玉(yu)(yu)米淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)(han)有22%～28%直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)，而高直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)玉(yu)(yu)米淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)含(han)(han)量達(da)到55%以上(shang)。因直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)與(yu)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)結構(gou)及(ji)性質(zhi)(zhi)差異，使(shi)得不(bu)同鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)/支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比(bi)玉(yu)(yu)米淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)具有不(bu)同的(de)結構(gou)和(he)理化(hua)(hua)性質(zhi)(zhi)。

　　淀粉可通過物理、化學方法修飾獲得多種變性淀粉，作為原料廣泛應用于食品、醫藥等工業。氣流粉碎技術是淀粉物理改性的有效方法，是將干燥、凈化后的壓縮氣體通過設定噴嘴產生高速氣流，在粉碎設備腔內帶動粉體顆粒高速運動，使顆粒受到沖擊碰撞、摩擦、剪切等作用而被粉碎，粉碎顆粒隨氣流被分級并收集。氣流粉碎是制備超微粉體的有效手段之一，產品平均粒徑為0.1～10µm，粉碎過程中產生機械力化學現象，使粉碎物料理化性質發生變化。氣流粉碎技術具有產品粒度細、分布窄、精度高、均勻性與分散性好及生產能力和自動化程度高等特點，在食品、醫藥等領域應用廣泛。Protonotariou和Angelidis等利用氣流粉碎小麥粉，處理后粉體顆粒減小，持水量增大，糊化溫度降低，微細化小麥粉更適于烘焙面包應用。Araki和Ashida等利用氣流粉碎獲得微細化大米粉和米糠，并制作大米粉面包和米糠面包，所得產品質地柔軟、色澤好、口感細膩、體積大。Antonios等利用氣流粉碎大麥粉和黑麥粉，獲得的微細化大麥粉和黑麥粉粒度明顯減小，損傷淀粉含量增加，粉體密度增大;Syahrizal等利用氣流粉碎處理脫脂大豆，處理后粉體溶解性、持水性和持油性增加，苦澀味降低;XiaWen等利用氣流粉碎木薯淀粉，處理后淀粉晶體結構受到破壞，分子鏈降解，淀粉糊黏度降低并存在剪切稀化行為;吳俊利用沖擊板式機氣流粉碎機粉(fen)碎(sui)玉米淀(dian)粉(fen)，處理后粉(fen)體晶體結構受到破(po)壞(huai)，支鏈(lian)淀(dian)粉(fen)發(fa)生斷裂(lie)，分(fen)子質量(liang)降低。

　　利用(yong)流(liu)(liu)化(hua)床氣(qi)(qi)流(liu)(liu)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)碎(sui)機對普通玉(yu)米(mi)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、高直鏈(lian)玉(yu)米(mi)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)和蠟質(zhi)玉(yu)米(mi)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)進(jin)行(xing)微(wei)細化(hua)處理(li)(li)，對處理(li)(li)后淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)、形貌(mao)、溶解(jie)度、膨脹(zhang)度、凍(dong)融穩定性(xing)等結(jie)構及理(li)(li)化(hua)性(xing)質(zhi)進(jin)行(xing)了研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)。但缺少對3種淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)基團(tuan)、分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)量大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)及分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)、淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)老化(hua)特(te)性(xing)等結(jie)構和性(xing)質(zhi)進(jin)行(xing)表征和分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)，以及氣(qi)(qi)流(liu)(liu)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)碎(sui)對不同鏈(lian)/支(zhi)比(bi)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)作用(yong)效(xiao)果的(de)差(cha)異分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)。因此，為進(jin)一步探(tan)究(jiu)氣(qi)(qi)流(liu)(liu)超微(wei)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)碎(sui)對蠟質(zhi)玉(yu)米(mi)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、普通玉(yu)米(mi)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)和高直鏈(lian)玉(yu)米(mi)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)結(jie)構及性(xing)質(zhi)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，以及分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)不同鏈(lian)/支(zhi)比(bi)淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)作用(yong)效(xiao)果差(cha)異，本實驗利用(yong)流(liu)(liu)化(hua)床氣(qi)(qi)流(liu)(liu)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)碎(sui)機制備超微(wei)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)，研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)微(wei)細化(hua)處理(li)(li)對淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)形貌(mao)、晶(jing)體結(jie)構、分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)基團(tuan)結(jie)構、分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)質(zhi)量等微(wei)觀(guan)結(jie)構及老化(hua)特(te)性(xing)，為拓(tuo)展淀(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)理(li)(li)論研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)及深度開發利用(yong)提供理(li)(li)論與(yu)實踐指導(dao)。

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